Essay on The Controversy of Capital Punishment. - 2184 Words

The Controversy of Capital Punishment Since the earliest times, man has struggled with the concept of justice. The controversy of capital punishment has weighed on the minds of humans since the beginning. When we are wronged it is our natural instinct to demand compensation. This thirst for revenge can be seen in the earliest civilizations and societies. Ancient Hammurabi code states â€Å"An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth† (History of the World). For many people this little axiom seems fair. Others however, think otherwise and warn of a blind and toothless community. What is it about capital punishment that divides so many Americans? Is it the possibility of an innocent man being executed too much of a risk? Should our current†¦show more content†¦If the defendant was found guilty in one of the thirty five United States that enforced the death penalty, he would most likely be executed by means of lethal injection. Lethal injection has proven to be the most humane way of euthanizing criminals. Before this, up to 4 different methods had been used in the United States. These included hangings, firing squads, gas chambers and the infamous electric chair. It was these early methods that had shocked and provoked the public into bringing about a change in the death penalty process. One particular event that caused this change was the execution of John Evans on April twenty second, eighteen eighty six (Radelet). John Evans was to be executed by means of electrocution. It took 14 minutes for the current of electricity to kill Evans. Evans was reportedly screaming and writhing in his seat. It is also reported that Evans head even caught on fire. Many witnesses also give the first-hand account of the stench of burnt hair and flesh. For many criminals, their actual execution lasted longer than originally expected. March thirteenth, nineteen eighty five, Stephen Morin was to be sentenced to death by lethal injection (Radelet). Morin’s extreme drug abuse made it difficult to find his Neverett 4 veins. After 45 minutes of jabs and pricks, executioners finally found a vein in Morin’s neck to use (Radelet). Some people mayShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment and its Controversies 1434 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment uses death penalty as a form of punishment in many states and countries. It is a practice that has raised endless questions all over the world. Capital punishment or death penalty policy has changed in many countries overtime. Countries such as, New Australia, Zealand and 15 states in the US do not have capital punishment. One of the major concerns arising with capital punishment is because it causes ending of a human life. People and organizations of different backgrounds areRead MoreThe Controversy Of Capital Punishment1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe Controversy of Capital Punishment Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is a form of punishment that has been used as far back as the Colonial Era in America. Although it has been around for the entirety of American history, most of the scrutiny and controversy involving capital punishment arose in the 1972 Supreme Court Case of Furman v. Georgia, in which it was abolished, but quickly returned in 1977. It is evident that many citizens have ambivalent stances on capital punishment; someRead MoreCapital Punishment Controversy1553 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough it is argued that capital punishment is a strong deterrent to crimes and serves as a just punishment, nevertheless, capital punishment should be abolished because it is a violation of human rights, carries a risk of executing innocent people, is a burden on taxpayer’s money and is discriminant in application. Capital punishment has been argued to be a violation of human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 recognizesRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Not A Longstanding Controversy Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesWhether capital punishment is fair or not a longstanding controversy. Currently the punishment has still been carried out in some countries, such as China and the United States. Numbers of capital punishment in China is in the first place, compared to other countries (Sterbenz, 2014). However, 98 countries have abolished capital punishment (Amnesty International facts and figures on the death penalty, 2007). Although most of countries have no capital punishment to crimes, it is still argued whetherRead MoreThe Controversy Over Capital Punishment2295 Words   |  10 PagesThe controversy with capital punishment has been debated for hundreds of years. The Supreme Court is likely to sway its opinion often about whether it should be abolished or instituted throughout the United States. There have been many court cases and lawsuits regarding this issue that has suggested that legislation would be the most effective way to ending the discussion once and for all. In order to abolish the death penalty, the majority has to agree in support of abolition for any legislatureRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Nation S Controversy3247 Words   |  13 Pages CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: THE NATION’S CONTROVERSY Matthew Isaac Political Science 102 Dr. Percival May 10, 2015 A rarity exists in a single topic that can cause a degree of controversy so large that it attracts politicians, judges, community organizers, economists and even religious officials to discuss it. This issue is one that some support and others oppose; that is, the issue of capital punishment. Capital punishment is loosely defined as the execution of an offenderRead MoreCapital Punishment Has Always Been A Major Controversy1710 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has always been a major controversy ever since the Supreme Court ruled it constitutional. Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, became extremely popular as a use of â€Å"punishment† for ones illegal actions. The death penalty was first established during 1834 for crimes committed such as â€Å"idolatry, witchcraft, blasphemy, murder, manslaughter, poisoning, bestiality, sodomy, adultery, man stealing, and false witness in case rebellion† (Bohm). According to Bohm’s articleRead MoreThe Death Penalty: Multiple Methods of Execution1489 Words   |  6 Pages A metal skullcap attached to your head, and then you’re blind folded. What might be going through your head? Were you wrongly convicted, or did you deserve death? There are two sides to every issue. While some say the death penalty is a flawed punishment method because it is irreversible, and innocent people have undoubtedly been put to death, others say the death penalty is a humane method of punishing brutal killers by granting them a quick and painless death. Background and Facts Although thereRead MoreThe Importance Of Capital Punishment In The United States990 Words   |  4 Pages2017). Although the State of California has the highest number of inmates awaiting execution, California has only utilized capital punishment thirteen times since the 1972 Supreme Court moratorium on capital punishment was lifted in 1976 (Statistics, 2017). According to the Death Penalty Information Center (2017), race plays a role in determining sentencing in capital punishment cases (p. 11). Thus, in the State of California and Washington State, jurors were three times as likely to recommend theRead MoreThoughtful Reasoning For The Ultimate Punishment1613 Words   |  7 PagesLinda Chin Mr. Hoague AP Lit and Comp, Period 1 14 October 2015 Thoughtful Reasoning for the Ultimate Punishment Only the most dangerous criminals in the world are faced with society’s ultimate penalty, or at least that is the theory. Capital punishment, commonly referred to as the Death Penalty has been debated for many decades regarding if such a method is ethical. While there are large amounts of supporters for the death penalty as a form of retribution, the process is avoidable financially

Wilfred Owens Poetry - 1379 Words

Wilfred Owen establishes a sense of conflict in his poetry, this is depicted in â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† and in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est†. There are a number of themes in Owen’s poems, which all relate to the war. The poems focus on the allied soldier’s experiences and the impact the war had on them. The environments that Owen mentions in his poetry include the battlefield in France and the small towns in England. Owen’s poetry has many types of conflicts which include conflicts in the environment, inner conflict and conflict from others. The purpose of the poems was to reveal that the war was horrific and cruel. Owen had hoped that his poems would convince people in England, not to support the war. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† depicts a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"What candles may be held to speed them all?â€Å" creates the impression that the deceased are moving on to their next life, possibly highlighting Owens religious views on life. The response is â€Å"Not in the hands of boys but in their eyes†, implying that as opposed to a candle that would be lit at a traditional funeral to symbolise everlasting life, these soldiers received tears in the eyes of boys. The image conveyed in the readers mind is the misting up of boys eyes and tears that are being shed. â€Å"Shall shine the holy glimmers of goodbyes†, suggests that their eyes are very meaningful as they see the deceased soldiers off to their next lives. This line also has a religious theme, and lots of alliteration is used to strongly emphasise the point that Owen is making. The word â€Å"glimmer,† stresses the point that it is not a thorough seeing off that these soldiers are receiving. Throughout the poem, the point that is emphasised is that the soldiers that died on the Western Front did not receive dignified endings and even in death, battle still raged around them. Additionally, the meaning of the poem is that each soldier will not be remembered because they are one in so many and have no elaborate funeral. â€Å"Dulce est Decorum est† is an example of a poem written through his own eyes, based on his own experiences and views of the war. He uses vivid and graphic imagery to give the reader the exact feeling that he wanted. Exact dictionShow MoreRelatedWilfred Owens War Poetry1219 Words   |  5 Pagesimaginations. Campbell (1999: 204) refers to their poetry as trench lyric, which not only calls attention to the poems’ most common setting, but also the accompanying images of filth, barbed wire, shell fire, and so forth. The genre portrays these distressing conditions in an unromantic light, thus differentiating it from the patriotic lyrics of the early war. It is realistic in that it employs the traditional styles and diction of English poetry, however uses these conventional poetic forms to portrayRead MoreAn Analysis Of Wilfred Owens Poetry1017 Words   |  5 PagesPity of War ​ Wilfred Owen challenges the rampant propaganda of war through his poetry as he shines light on the nature of war through his personal view and experience of it. This is represented in his poetry, on the truth of war allowing for the reader to further understand the atrocities committed during this time. This is a salient point in his poems Anthem for doomed youth, and Dulce et decorum thus Owen effectively conveys his ideas about war through his poetry. To Owen’s mind this is theRead More Wilfred Owens War Poetry Essay2776 Words   |  12 PagesWilfred Owens War Poetry If Wilfred Owens war poetry had one main aim, it would be to expose the old lie: that war is always a good and justified thing and that it is a good thing to die for ones country. Owen had experienced first hand the horrors and tragedies of the First World War, so he inevitably wanted to break open the false faà §ade and let the world know the truth. I am going to explore what I find to be three of his best poems and show how he achieved this aim. Owen wasRead MoreWilfred Owens Poetry Expresses Strong and Impressive Feelings713 Words   |  3 PagesWilfred Owen’s poetry often expresses a strong and impressive feeling of the persona. The poems ‘Storm’ and ‘Maundy Thursday’, both convey a man’s powerful, physical attractiveness to the persona. Owen uses his skillful writing to achieve such a strong impression of this in these two poems. In each poem, Owen uses the form and structure of the poem, diction of the poem, as well as poetic devices and figurative language to portray the feelings and thoughts of the persona. The form and structureRead More Wilfred Owens Poetry and Pity of War Essay3690 Words   |  15 PagesWilfred Owens Poetry and Pity of War Through his poetry Wilfred Owen wished to convey, to the general public, the PITY of war. In a detailed examination of three poems, with references to others, show the different ways in which he achieved this Wilfred Owen was born in Oswestry, 18th March 1893. He was working in France when the war began, tutoring a prominent French family. When the war started he began serving in the Manchester Regiment at Milford Camp as a Lieutenant. He foughtRead More The Negative View of Society in Wilfred Owens Poetry Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesDulce et Decorum est and Anthem for Doomed Youth are both written by Wilfred Owen, and both are written to show â€Å"the war [World War I] and the pity of war†. Owen does this by regaling very sad and often shocking poems that I believe are very effective in delivering their purpose. Both poems present negative views of society through tone and metaphors and Dulce et Decorum est also uses similes. A poem that presents a negative view on society is Dulce et Decorum est. It is a satirical poem aboutRead MoreWilfred Owens Attitude Towards World War 1 As Shown In His Poetry2289 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is Wilfred Owen’s attitude towards Worlds War 1 and how is this shown through his poetry? You should comment upon and compare at least two of his poems and describe the tone he writes in the imagery he uses and the poetical techniques he includes to convey his opinions. Wilfred Owen was born in Shropshire on 18th March 1893. He was the son of a railway worker and was educated at schools in Shrewsbury and Liverpool. Wilfred was encouraged to write poetry from an early age by his devoted motherRead MorePat Barkers Regeneration, Wilfred Owens Poetry and Joseph Hellers Catch-223081 Words   |  13 PagesExplore the psychological and moral impact of war on soldiers and civilians in Pat Barkers Regeneration and Wilfred Owens poetry. In the course of your writing show how your ideas have been illuminated by your response to Joseph Hellers Catch-22 and other readings of both core texts. Pat Barkers Regeneration, Wilfred Owens poetry and Joseph Hellers Catch-22 can all be categorised as subjective war texts  as the main structural principle is not dominated by characters actions, but ratherRead MoreAnalytical Essay on Wilfred Owens War Poetry- Dulce Et Decorum Est- by Za1715 Words   |  7 PagesAnalytical Essay on â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† By ZA 2010 and 15 years of Age British war poet, Wilfred Owen, incorporates many techniques of poetry writing in his works. As a soldier, Owen often wrote poems which described the misery and hardships on the fronts of World War One. To illustrate the image and scenes of the conflict, Owen uses an array of techniques which can be noticed in his poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† In the poem, â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, Owen recollects the event of a gas attack on returningRead MoreCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy1660 Words   |  7 PagesEng 432 Outline Critical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy I. Introduction: 1. Introducing what is going to be discussed in the paper (analysis of Arms and the Boy , its relation to one of Owens poem). 2. Thesis Statement : Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy can be discussed to represent the horror of war. II. Body: 1. Owen was a soldier and a modern poet who was known as anti-war poet. A. A summary of Owens poetry in general . B. His representation of the horror of war in his

Crisis and Disaster for the Global-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Identify the breaches in WHS legislation, with specific reference to the legislation that applies in the case study i.e. NSW legislation. 2.Identify the hazards within the workplace. 3.Assess the risks associated with the hazards and determine the priority for risk treatment. 4.Identify appropriate management level controls to address non-compliance with Legislation. 5.Identify the risk controls applying the hierarchy of controls for the identified hazards. 6.Conduct a cost benefit analysis that clearly states the costs and benefits associated with the non-compliance, hazards and recommended controls. Answers: Introduction Hotels and resorts have become susceptible to the impact of crisis and disaster for the global environmental change and the security risks. There are a lot of uncertainties that can create crisis and disaster within the organization affecting the staffs and customers as well. Considering these facts, the government has introduced certain laws and policies that help to prevent hazards in the workplace. The case study of the hotel situated in The Rocks in the heart of Sydney has been providing cheap service since its inception. The present report would analyse the breaches in legislation and hazards and risks associated with it and its ultimate impact on the workplace. 1.Breaches in WHS Legislation with reference to case study According to New South Wales (NSW) legislations, Work health and safety laws (WHS) require the parties to consult and cooperate in the management of workplace risk to protect the health and the safety of the workers and all others who might be at risks at the work(Workplaceohs.com.au, 2015). WHS Legislation supports WHS act 2011 and WHS Regulations 2011 to guide the employers to comply with the safety laws. WHS Act 2011 No 10 (Duty of Care) states that it is the primary responsibility of the employer to ensure the safety of the workers by ensuring that the work environment, the system of work, machinery and equipment are safe for the workers. Chemical should be used stored, handled and used safely and there are adequate workplace facilities. The duty of Care seemed to be completely ignored in the hotel of the given case study. Firstly, the hotel is located in a risky area where robbery and assault are common and this threatens the safety of the worker and the guests. Secondly, the lift is old and out of orders and thus the system of work and equipment are not safe. Thirdly, the bottles of chemicals are not properly labelled and no information on the safe use of chemicals are provided. There are several instances of chemical injuries and some of them go unreported (Safework.nsw.gov.a, 2017). Division 3 of WHS Regulation 2011 mentions it is the duty of the organization to offer first aid equipment so that each worker has access to the equipment of first and staffs are trained to administer it. However, in the given case, there is no proper medical provision for which the staffs need to go to local doctors. Division 3 of WHS Act shows the importance of health and safety Representative (HSR). The given case shows that the Health Safety Representative have not completed HSR training and the HSR committee is made up of the staffs of administration area. Moreover, the committee is least effective in handling issues thus leading to breach of law (Legislation.nsw.gov.au, 2017). As per the section 19 of WHS Act, the management of the workplace should provide information, training and instruction regarding the type of work to be carried out, the nature of risks and control measures. However, in the given case, the new staffs within the organization does not undergo any training which affects their performance and staff turnover is high(Legislation.nsw.gov.au, 2017). Part 4.3 of WHS Legislation 2011 mentioned the risk of confined spaces and the need to avoid it. However, the case shows that the function area that has an accommodation capacity of 100 people has a booking of 150 guests. This can result in severe accidents and thus it breached the law. 2.Hazards within the workplace The analysis of the hotel of The Rock makes it evident that there are several hazards within the organization that affects the workers as well as the guests. Chemical hazards: This hazard is quite common in this hotel and there are several instances to chemical hazards are reported. The chemical bottles are not labelled properly and the suppliers do not provide accurate information about the ways to handle the hazards. The staffs and the guest, for coming in contact with fumes, have also encountered breathing difficulties (Case Study). Mechanical and electrical hazards: The lift of the hotel is old and often remain out of order. The reports of staffs' showed that last month the lift has broken down five times and once a guest suffered a stroke. Lack of maintenance can result in serious accidents and even death of the workers(Case Study). Psychological Hazards: This hazard is also common in this hotel due to the lack of proper working environment. The hotel is situated in a risky area and hence the employees remain under the fear of assault and robbery. Ineffective training and motivation have resulted in the frustration and the tiredness of the employees. This affects their psychological balance(Case Study). Manual handling: Manual handling risks can arise from pushing, pulling and lifting. Improper HSR training and the lack of written occupational health and safety plan increased the risk of Manual handling as the staffs are unaware of the risk and they do not receive proper training(Case Study). 3.Risk Assessment to determine the priority of Risk Ineffective risk assessment within the organization can create a negative impact on the organization. To evaluate the level of risks within the organization, a risk assessment has been carried out (Refer to Appendix 1). Risk assessment is the systematic process of describing and measuring the risks, which is related to hazardous substances, process, actions and events(Covello Merkhoher, 2013). In the given case study, the hotel does not have any written health and safety plan. Moreover, lack of proper training of the employees, maintenance of the equipment and work environment have increased the scope of risk. The risk assessment showed that the risk of death due to chemical injury is quite high. Moreover, the instance of long-term illness due to chemical and mechanical hazard is also high. The risk of obtaining medical attention and going for several days off due to psychological is a hazard is medium. It is also seen within the case study that last month, an unusual number of housekeeping staffs has been absent from the work. The rate of employee turnover is also high. This is due to the high amount of risk involved. The instance of the risk of requiring first aid from manual handling is medium(WorkCover NSW, 2014). 4.Management Level Control to address noncompliance with legislation The management of the hotel is responsible for maintaining compliance with the legislation. The management can employ some control to ensure that health and safety laws are followed within the organization. Reporting of the Breach of Law The supervisor is responsible for the initial identification and the notification of the breach. After carrying out assessment and investigation, the super visor should report the same to the Health and Safety Committee. This committee is responsible for consulting with the resident and owner and take corrective action. Implementing Duty of Care Checklist To prevent non-compliance of legislation, the management is responsible for preparing the duty of care checklist that would create knowledge about the hazards and risks associated with the work. The management is responsible for creating active and visible leadership by offering strategic direction through consultation and communication(Safety.uwa.edu.au, 2016). Development of WHS Policy The hotel should develop WHS policy based on NSW legislation. There showed be written health and safety plan. Failure to abide the policies can result in serious punishment and fines. Formation of Health and safety committee within the organization would help to address health and safety matters involving a representative from senior management, and general staffs. There should also be an Emergency Planning committee for handling the emergency within the organization. Regular Checking of work equipment All the equipment of the hotels like the lifts, electrical gadgets, and other machinery should be checked properly in order to prevent any accidents or hazards. It is the responsibility of the management to ensure a proper working environment for the employees and guests (University of Wollongong Australia, 2015). 5.Hierarchy of controls for the identified hazards As per the WHS Regulation 2011, the management of the organization should be responsible for implementing specific control measures within the organization to eliminate the risks. The Hierarchy of Hazard control that would be applicable in this case is illustrated below: Figure 1: Hierarchy of Hazard control Source: (Legislation.nsw.gov.au, 2017) The first stage includes elimination of risk and regular checking of the lifts and other electrical gadgets that are used by the guests and the employees can do this. Substitution of risk is done by implementing risk control measures. The employees should be properly trained to handle different equipment(Reese, 2015). The organization should oh health and risk committee to assess the risk associated with different levels. The chemical bottles should be labelled and the employees should have the knowledge to use them properly(Amyotte et al., 2009). Engineering control is the strategies used for protecting the workers. This prevention method is quite costly but it ensures safety and security of the workers. Employing Fume hood, Bio safety Cabinet to ensure safety. Administrative control is also essential, in which the management of the hotel needs to focus on employee training, preparing written health and safety measures and creating warning labels. Workplace Hazardous Material Information system can be effective in this case(Wu, 2012). Since the hotel staffs handle chemical staffs and other electrical equipment and fire, Personal Protective Equipment is essential. This can include gloves, uniform, hard hats, safety glasses and safety footwear. 6.Cost benefit analysis for noncompliance, hazards and recommended controls Cost-benefit analysis is the decision-making process that compares the cost and the benefit of a course of action and its impact on the organization(Sinden, 2016). In this section, a cost-benefit analysis of the noncompliance and the recommended controls would be carried out. The cost of hazards and noncompliance to WHS laws are listed below: If the organization does not follow the laws then it can result in severe accidents. For instance, the lack of maintained of lifts has resulted in the stroke of one aged guest. Non-compliance to the handling of chemical and hazardous substance can also result in severe injuries. For instance, improper labelling of bottles has resulted in several accidents. Non-compliance to improper training and knowledge sharing resulted in contact burns to hands and burns to eyes and even breathing difficulties. Non-compliance can lead the management to pay fines that would generate negative publicity. Moreover, strict investment from the legal authority can also result in the permanent closure of the organization. The benefits of the recommended controls are: Formation Safety Committee: The benefit of forming safety committee is that they would focus on identifying the policies and programs that would lead to the safety of the employees. This committee would be responsible for proper checking of the equipment and machinery within the workplace to prevent hazards(Health and Safety Authority , 2017). Offering Personal Protective Equipment: This would benefit the employees to handle chemical studs or sharp objects carefully and to prevent accidents. The employees would develop a sense of belongingness and their absenteeism would decrease followed by employee turnover. Training of safety and common employees: All the employees within the organization should be trained to their work. They should be trained to handle hazards and risk. This would help in reducing the risk of accidents(Chiang, 2000). Development of health and safety policies and written plan: This would benefit the organization in abiding the established NSW legislation related to health and safety. Thus, the goodwill of the hotel would increase as the employees and guests would get safety and security. 7.Consequences of not improving compliance and managing the workplace hazards The consequences of not improving compliance and inefficiency in handling hazards can be serious. The fatal accident is common if laws are not maintained. There is a risk of injury for the employees as well as that of the guests visiting the hotel (Dai et al., 2015). If the Health Safety Committee is not active then it can increase the risk of hazards. This committee overlooks congestion in the function area and this can result in severe fatal accidents(Reason, 2016). Non-compliance and increased hazards can increase dissatisfaction among the employees and guest resulting negative publicity of the hotel. The employee turnover would increase and none of the employees would able to provide effective service to the customers. The legal authority in NSW can provide charges on the organization for which the organization needs to pay fines. In some case, the hotel can be closed on a permanent basis. Hence, it is essential to comply with the established legislations (Hale et al., 2015). Conclusion The present report evaluates the hazards within the hotel given in the case study. The hotel has disregarded the established laws in NSW related to health and safety and this has increased the accidents. Lack of training of the employees and proper intervention of the management has further worsened the situation. The report provides suitable recommendation to comply with the laws and prevent hazards. Works Cited Amyotte, P.R., Pegg, M.J. Khan, F.I., 2009. Application of inherent safety principles to dust explosion prevention and mitigation.. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 87(1), pp.35-39. Chiang, L.C., 2000. Strategies for safety and security in tourism: a conceptual framework for the Singapore hotel industry. Journal of tourism studies, 11(2), p.44. Covello, V.T. Merkhoher, M.W., 2013. Risk assessment methods: approaches for assessing health and environmental risks. Berlin : Springer Science Business Media. Dai, H., Milkman, K.L., Hofmann, D.A. Staats, B.R.., 2015. The impact of time at work and time off from work on rule compliance: The case of hand hygiene in health care.. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(3), p.846. Hale, A., Borys, D. Adams, M., 2015. Safety regulation: the lessons of workplace safety rule management for managing the regulatory burden.. Safety science, 71, pp.112-22. Health and Safety Authority , 2017. Safe Hospitality. Legislation.nsw.gov.au, 2017. Work Health and Safety Act 2011 No 10. [Online] Available at: https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/2011/10/part5 [Accessed 25 Aigust 2017]. Reason, J., 2016. Managing the risks of organizational accidents.. London : Routledge. Reese, C.D.., 2015. Occupational health and safety management: a practical approach. London: CRC press. Safety.uwa.edu.au, 2016. Roles and responsibilities. [Online] Available at: https://www.safety.uwa.edu.au/management/about/accountability [Accessed 22 August 2017]. Safework.nsw.gov.a, 2017. DUTY OF CARE AND DUTY TO CONSULT. [Online] Available at: https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/law-and-policy/employer-and-business-obligations/duty-of-care-and-duty-to-consult [Accessed 25 August 2017]. Sinden, A., 2016. Cost-Benefit Analysis. Encyclopedia of Environmental Law: Environmental Decision Making, pp.1-17. University of Wollongong Australia, 2015. WHS LEGISLATIVE COMPLIANCE GUIDELINES. WorkCover NSW, 2014. Hazpack: MAKING YOUR WORKPLACE SAFER: A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO BASIC RISK MANAGEMENT. Workplaceohs.com.au, 2015. NSW Legislation. [Online] Available at: https://workplaceohs.com.au/legislation/nsw-legislation [Accessed 25 August 2017]. Wu, S.L., 2012. Factors influencing the implementation of food safety control systems in Taiwanese international tourist hotels. Food Control, 28(2), pp.265-72.

The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

Introduction In 1996, the US congress approved the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which was a federal regulation that explained marriage within the precincts of law. It stated that marriage is a consensual union between one man and one woman. The law was supported by the assembly and was consequently consented by the president. Under the same establishment, no authority could come up with another law recognizing same sex relationships as marriage.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The law extended its rules to other organs of society, including the insurance sector, health sector and the employment sector (Ignatieff 90). However, the court has so far termed the law unconstitutional. The Massachusetts court ruled twice that the law is inapplicable in society. Equally, the California court has also claimed that the law cannot be applied to resolve emerging issues in society. Defendants of the law have moved to court to challenge the recent rulings by the two courts. In 2011, the Obama regime came to the realization that the law was against the wishes and desires of the majority in society. Thus, the administration stated that it would implement it but could not support it in court. Due to this declaration, the House of Representatives vowed to support the law, claiming that it was representing the federal government. This article will examine some of the issues that affect the DOMA law, specifically the court rulings. The court has always opposed the law because it does not represent the interests of the majority in society. To understand the intricacies of the law, the paper will give its background briefly and proceed to give examples of how the court has always frustrated the political elites supporting the DOMA regulations. Background Marriage as a social basic unit was uncontested until the early 1980s when some gay groups raised concerns over their mistreatment in society. The groups wanted to be granted the right to marry their fellow men as sexual partners. In early years, a gay activist had tried to persuade the court to allow him marry a male partner. In Barker v. Nelson, the court ruled that restricting marriage to members of opposite sex was in accordance to the provisions of the US constitution. In 1989, the State Bar Association of California requested the government to allow marriages between people of same-sex.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, the high court ruled that same sex marriage could only happen under special circumstances (Lauren 32). This could only happen due to expenses incurred by individuals in the city and the deteriorating standards of living. In 1993, the Hawaiian Supreme Court observed in Baehr v. Mike case that the state should give detail ed reasons as to why homosexuality should not be allowed in society. In 1996, republicans were much concerned about the rising cases of homosexuality. This encouraged them to draft a bill that would contain the vice. Republican representative, Bob Barr, introduced the bill to the House of Representatives chamber while Senator Don Nickles took it to the senate. Both houses approved the bill but the democrats interpreted it in terms of politics. Clinton approved the bill since there was little time left for campaigns. In 2002, the Republican Party reiterated that it supported the DOMA principles and went a notch higher to claim that the judiciary was against the law (Ishay 51). In 2004, the Bush administration sanctioned DOMA principles and cautioned that the judges were interpreting the law in a way that could easily cause confusion in society. Accordingly, the Bush administration was keen to support the law in court, including the case in Washington termed as In re Kandu, the Florid a case termed as Wilson v. Ake where two women wanted to legalize their marriage, and the Bishop v. Oklahoma case. In 2008 political manifesto, Obama promised Americans to support the repealing of DOMA principles. However, since the issue was still under contention, the Justice Department supported the DOMA rules in Smelt v. United States case. In 2009, human rights groups pushed the president to sponsor a bill that could repeal DOMA principles from the constitution. Consequently, the government decided not to defend the law in court since it believed that it was unconstitutional and went against the wishes of the majority. The government did not send representatives to the Pedersen v. OPM and Windsor v. United States cases. Challenges from the Court Same sex groups tried to change the sections of the DOMA law but the political class thwarted their efforts. For instance, the defendants of the DOMA principles defeated a joint bankruptcy petition of same-sex couples in Washington. In 2009, the US Court of Appeal for the Ninth Circuit affirmed that DOMA was illegal and could not be applied in resolving cases related employment.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The federal authorities declined to offer spousal benefits to one of the complainants because of the DOMA law. In 2008, Golinski filed a case demanding for health benefits from her spouse. The chief Judge declared that she was indeed entitled to marriage benefits, even though the Office of Personnel Management had rejected her claims due to DOMA rules. The office of personnel management refused to pay her since the complainant had violated the DOMA rules. Golinski filed a court case against OPM in another court to enforce the ruling of the previous judge. Even though White, the judge in charge, dismissed her claims, she was given a confirmation to adjust her cas e, which would challenge the illegality of DOMA. In 2011, Paul Clement, the former US Solicitor General acting on behalf of the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group challenged the legality of DOMA law in court. Clement argued that the definition of marriage was discriminative, something that the Justice Department avoided for years. With this realization, the Department of Justice moved to court to challenge the provisions of DOMA, arguing that the law violated the rights of gays and lesbians. The DOJ argued in the same way as Golinki, claiming that homosexuals have never enjoyed their rights, which are contained in the constitution. The Department of Justice further observed that gays and lesbians receive unfair treatment from societal members. On the other hand, religious groups, which are usually stakeholders in governmental policymaking, argued that the Department of Justice had decided to attack DOMA principles (Okihiro 17). The church claimed that the activities of the jury could c ause conflicts between the church and the state. According to the church, the state had allowed immoral conducts to go on in society. On 22 February 2012, the judge in charge (White) ruled in favor of Golinski, claiming that section 3 of DOMA violates the rights and freedoms of Golinski, as outlined in the Fifth Amendment. The judge further claimed that no authority had the powers to deny another individual his or her rights provided in the constitution (Adam 7). Therefore, the homosexuals had the right to exercise as they wish. In Smelt v. County of Orange case, the DOMA principles were also faulted. The couple wanted to be identified as legal marriage partners but the court refused to recognize their union. The couple filed another court order on 9 March 2009. The couple challenged the legality of DOMA, as well as Proposition 8. Even though the jury dismissed the case, the couple was allowed to marry and could access all federal benefits such as employment, healthcare and many mor e.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be concluded that DOMA principles were unpopular to the majority of Americans right from the beginning. The law deprives people of their democratic rights and freedoms. In the US, the Fifth Amendment allows individuals to exercise whatever they feel is right for them, as long as they do not interfere with the rights of other individuals. The issue of morality has been debatable since 1980s when AIDS was first tested. Those against homosexuality claimed that gay-sex was not safe as regards to disease transmission. On their part, homosexuals have gone through difficult times trying to lobby the government to accept their wishes. The government has always given them a cold treatment because the majority of policy makers in government believe that homosexuality is immoral. However, the courts have stepped in to help homosexuals redefine the Fifth Amendment, which grants each citizen the right to freedom of expression. The Obama administration r ealized that many people were against the provisions of the DOMA law. The government has consequently decided to distance itself from the DOMA law. Works Cited Adam, Barry. The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. New York: G. K. Hall Co, 1987. Print. Ignatieff, Michael. American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. Print. Ishay, Micheline. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization. 2nd ed. California: University of California Press, 2008. Print. Lauren, Gordon (2003). The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen. 2nd ed. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Print. Okihiro, Gary. Margins and Mainstreams: Asians in American History and Culture. Washington, Dc: University of Washington Press, 1994. Print. This research paper on The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was written and submitted by user PrinceofOrphans to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Social Media YouTube essay part 2

Social Media YouTube essay part 2 Social Media: YouTube essay part 2 Social Media: YouTube essay part 2Social Media: YouTube essay part  1Users publishing their videos on YouTube are almost free being limited in publishing explicit videos and some other videos only which are either illegal or offensive for publication and contradict to rules of YouTube. The freedom of creativity is, therefore, enormous and people create diverse videos implementing their most daring ideas, while users respond to those videos and determine which videos become mainstream and which do not.Furthermore, YouTube becomes an important social media which can be used for sharing socially important information, such as video records of socially important events or culturally significant events, and so on. In this regard, the performativity of YouTube is particularly high.However such performativity often raises the high risk of the violation of privacy and intellectual property rights. For instance, the publication of videos from a concert may violate the right of an artist or singer (Lombe Ssewamala 38). In this regard, YouTube has developed the policy of the protection of the copyright law and intellectual property rights but still there are plenty of videos that violate those rights of the rights’ owners. However, such violation of human rights, including the privacy right and intellectual property rights is the ultimate manifestation of the performativity-orientation of YouTube.Furthermore, along with sheer documentary videos, there are plenty of fake videos created by users to publish on YouTube. These videos also reveal the performativity of YouTube because they stimulate the creativity of users to make a performance, a show that will attract other users. These videos are the sheer creativity of users but the point is apparently to attract the attention of the audience and increase the interest of users to the videos. In this regard, the performativity of videos apparently becomes prior to the content or messages conveyed by users. In fact, the content or message may be insignificant or even absent.At this point, it is important to dwell upon the social significance of YouTube as the social media. On the one hand, there are many admirers, who view YouTube as the great social media which allows users to share videos and to communicate video messages to the global audience instantly. The performativity of videos and YouTube as the social media attracts the huge audience and helps users to share videos successfully.On the other hand, there are many critics of YouTube, who view the social media as the media violating privacy and intellectual property rights and publishing controversial videos from the ethical point of view (Lombe Ssewamala 38). In such a situation, YouTube is perceived as the social media that causes numerous controversies caused by the violation of basic rights of individuals and organizations. The efforts of YouTube to protect those rights are not very successful so far, although the current policies of YouTube provide certain protection to the privacy and intellectual property rights or copyright.At the same time, what is beyond a doubt is the popularity of YouTube and its contribution to the mainstream culture. At this point, it is possible to refer to the case of pop music since many singers have already started to use the full potential of YouTube to promote their new works. This trend reveals the full extent to which YouTube becomes performativity-oriented because users, including pop singers and stars use YouTube as the tool to promote their works and their brands. On the other hand, YouTube allows average users to become stars, if they manage to create a performative video and attract many users. At this point, it is possible to refer to the experience of the now popular pop singer, Psy, who was absolutely unknown internationally but after his video clips were published on YouTube and gained a large number of views, he became one of the most popular pop stars today.Thus, ta king into account all above mentioned, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that YouTube is an influential social media that is fully oriented on the performativity because it is the performativity that attracts many users and makes YouTube the mainstream social media. At the same time, YouTube has a considerable impact on the contemporary culture because it contributes to the formation of contemporary cultural values, trends and norms. For instance, videos popular on YouTube contribute to the formation of certain cultural norms and values, which people perceive as mainstream because of their popularity on YouTube. However, in spite of its performativity, YouTube is still a controversial social media because the problem of the violation of intellectual property rights, copyright law, possible threat to the privacy right of people and other issues make functioning of YouTube questionable. In such a situation, the popularity of YouTube is the major factor determining the resi stance of YouTube to any accusations and claims concerning possible violation of human rights.

Investigating how much the 5 pence minimum charge on local calls increases the cost of making local calls Essays

Investigating how much the 5 pence minimum charge on local calls increases the cost of making local calls Essays Investigating how much the 5 pence minimum charge on local calls increases the cost of making local calls Essay Investigating how much the 5 pence minimum charge on local calls increases the cost of making local calls Essay The aim of this coursework is to discover how much the 5 pence minimum charge (to quote BT: the minimum charge for each call remains at 5p inclusive of VAT) on local calls increases the cost of making local calls. This information would then be used to ascertain whether moving to a telephone operator without a minimum fee would be a good idea. If moving would save money, then it would be worth doing. Certainly, looking over the current bill, it seems like there are many calls less than 5 minutes (as local rates are 1 pence per minute during the evening and weekend and the phone is always switched off during the daytime). Data Collection The population is the entirety of local calls made during 3-month period. This population is formed because of the procession of only one itemised bill, which happens to be from 1st of November to the 1st of February. The current telephone operator is BT. This bill (i.e. the population) lists 886 calls, with a total duration of 30 hours, 38 minutes and 57 seconds. The complete cost for this period is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50.30 (to the nearest 2 d.p., before VAT). The population is continuous because time can be given to any number of decimal places. The data is surly as accurate as it is possible to be only untraceable computer bugs could explain inaccuracies. As computer problems are unlikely for a large multi-national firm, such as BT, we can consider the data within the population to be reliable and good quality. A sample method appropriate here could be random sampling. An example of this might be labelling 886 pieces of paper, throwing them into a hat and selecting 50. Also, a computer could be used to select 50 random integer numbers in the range of 0 and 887. Such a random method would however give no indication of whether the duration of calls remained constant over time. Random sampling may allow a certain cluster of calls to dominate the general trend. Stratified sampling would not be appropriate for the investigation because we want to find out the number of 5-minute calls, not just select a certain number of them. This sampling method would be useful for a sub-investigation, for example to see how much effect the over 5-minute calls make to the charging by only selecting the over 5-minute calls and assessing their magnitude. Another way of sampling would be to select every x call, where x is the result of 886/50 rounded down to the nearest whole integer. This would mean recording the call duration for every 17th call (because 886/50 = 17.72). This will generate more that 50 samples, however, 50 is a minimum not a maximum. As the data is probably accurate, there cannot be any outliners. Please note: a computer maths or spreadsheet package has not been used in the preparation of this report. Thus, the data collected is given bellow (and then sorted by hand): Call duration in seconds Cell duration in seconds (sorted) 53 10 50 11 10 20 120 31 413 33 45 33 274 34 99 35 48 35 50 35 100 35 53 35 54 36 42 36 44 37 11 38 108 38 36 38 38 39 54 41 47 41 41 42 54 42 35 42 47 44 50 45 269 45 42 47 35 47 55 48 35 50 227 50 35 50 33 53 36 53 39 54 170 54 35 54 1077 55 38 57 31 99 33 100 45 107 1266 108 34 120 107 170 20 227 57 269 38 274 37 413 42 1077 41 1266 Table 1 raw data and raw data sorted Analysis Mean A mean gives some idea of central tendency (the average call duration). It will however, be affected by the extreme values 413, 1077 and 1266. Therefore, it seems appropriate to measure the mean with and without the 3 values. With the 3 values (done using a calculator, to 2 d.p.): ==112.56 seconds or 1 minute 52.56 seconds Clearly, this answer is higher than most of the times, so not particularly representative. With out the 3 values (done using a calculator, to 2 d.p. ): ==63.2 seconds or 1 minute 3.2 seconds. The second answer seems more representative, but still does not take account of the majority of the times. Mode The mode is another measure of central tendency that gives the most frequent call duration. The mode is clearly 35 seconds (because this call duration is the most frequent, being repeated 5 times). From a visual inspection, this time seems to give quite a good indication of central tendency as most of the time seem to fall within the 9 t (seconds) 61 range. Median Another measure of central tendency is the median, which may be numerically calculated or read off a calmative frequency graph. As the later is not necessary accurate because hand drawn, the numerical method will be used. The median gives the middle number, and as such is not affected by the extreme numbers. It does not however, take account of the actual values of the call durations. Hopefully, it should give some idea as to the average of the data. To calculate the median, the numbers must each be assigned a rank. The median is the mean of the duration assigned to the 26th and 27th rank (because 52/2 =26 and (52/2)+1=27 and n is even). The ranks, which were assigned manually to the data, are given in the table below: Ranks Cell duration in seconds (sorted) 1 10 2 11 3 20 4 31 5 33 6 33 7 34 8 35 9 35 10 35 11 35 12 35 13 36 14 36 15 37 16 38 17 38 18 38 19 39 20 41 21 41 22 42 23 42 24 42 25 44 26 45 27 45 28 47 29 47 30 48 31 50 32 50 33 50 34 53 35 53 36 54 37 54 38 54 39 55 40 57 41 99 42 100 43 107 44 108 45 120 46 170 47 227 48 269 49 274 50 413 51 1077 52 1266 Table 2 raw data sorted and ranked (by hand) The 26th and 27th values are both 45 seconds. Therefore, the median is 45 seconds ((45+45)/2=45). From visual inspection, this does seem to represent all but the extreme values, however, the mode seems to give the best measure of central tendency. Ranges The range is 10 1266 (=1256). If the finial 3 values were removed, the range would be 10 284. This shows that the 3 values do have an extreme affect upon the calculations that take them into account. The inter-quartile range would give a better measure of spread, as it would avoid the extreme values. The median of the median of the whole data set and the lower bound is the lower quartile, whilst the median of the median of the whole data and the upper bound is the upper quartile. Lower quartile The 13th value is 36, as is the 14th. So, the lower quartile is 36 seconds. Upper quartile The 39th value is 55, and the 40th is 57. the upper quartile is 56 seconds. Thus, the inter-quartile range is 56-36 or 20 seconds. This tells us that the middle half of the sample is with a 20 second range. Since half of 52 is 26, we know that the 26 of the sample falls within the 20 seconds of each other. Thus, we can deduce that the median is a good measure of central tendency. Calculating the midrange would not be applicable, as the extreme values would have too significant an affect on the result. Standard deviation The standard deviation measures average (not accurate because of squaring and square-rooting, so called standard) deviation from the mean. As 2/3s of the data lie within the standard deviation, perhaps it will be a good measure of spread and central tendency. The standard deviation will help tell us whether 2/3rd of the data is within 5 minutes, and if so it may be worth changing the operator. The formula used is: . The squared call durations are given bellow (these squares were calculated by using a calculator). Call duration in seconds Cell duration in seconds (squared) 10 100 11 121 20 400 31 961 33 1089 33 1089 34 1156 35 1225 35 1225 35 1225 35 1225 35 1225 36 1296 36 1296 37 1369 38 1444 38 1444 38 1444 39 1521 41 1681 41 1681 42 1764 42 1764 42 1764 44 1936 45 2025 45 2025 47 2209 47 2209 48 2304 50 2500 50 2500 50 2500 53 2809 53 2809 54 2916 54 2916 54 2916 55 3025 57 3249 99 9801 100 10000 107 11449 108 11664 120 14400 170 28900 227 51529 269 72361 274 75076 413 170569 1077 1159929 1266 1602756 Table 3 call durations sorted and squared (using a calculator) (calculated using un-rounded values, and checked using the statistical function of the calculator.) Therefore, 2/3rd of the call durations lie within 224.89 seconds. 224.89 seconds is 3 minutes 44.89 seconds, showing that 2/3rds of the call durations lie within 5 minutes of the mean. This strongly indicates that changing operator would be beneficial. Number of call durations less than 5 minutes Another useful calculation would be to calculate how many of the call durations fall below 5 minutes (300 seconds). If we consider the sample reasonably representative then we can say that the ratio of under 5 minute to over 5 minute calls is 49:3. If the sample is representative, then this means there is a very high number of calls bellow 5 minutes. Displays Box and whisker diagram A good was of summarising some of the calculations above would be a box and whisker diagram. This is figure 1. Frequency polygon A frequency polygon is an appropriate method of discovering the shape of the distribution (see figure 2 and sheet F2). Please note that the last 3 call lengths were not included, as this would have adversely affected the scale and not given a meaningful display. Figure 2 shows a slight positive skew. There is a tight distribution about 20-60 seconds. After 60 seconds, there are occasional calls lengths. Cumulative frequency diagram Suspecting a tight distribution, a cumulative frequency diagram was created (the straighter the S shape, the tighter the distribution about the median). A cumulative frequency diagram gives better results if the data is spread evenly throughout the intervals; this appears to be the case. Cumulative frequency is calculated as a running total of all frequencies. The bounds are 10, allowing for the fact that the data is widespread. As the data is integer, the bounds are inclusive. Bounds Cell duration in seconds (sorted) Cumulative frequency 0-9 0 0 10-19 2 2 20-29 1 3 30-39 16 19 40-49 11 30 50-59 10 40 60-69 0 40 70-79 0 40 80-89 0 40 90-99 1 41 100-109 3 44 110-119 0 44 120-129 1 45 130-139 0 45 140-149 0 45 150-159 0 45 160-169 0 45 170-179 1 46 180-189 0 46 190-199 0 46 200-209 0 46 210-219 0 46 220-229 1 47 230-239 0 47 240-249 0 47 250-259 0 47 260-269 1 48 270-279 1 49 Table 4 cumulative frequency of call durations. The cumulative frequency graph shows that there is a tight S shape, indicating a tight concentration of values around the median. This confirms the calculations made above (i.e. the inter-quartile range). The top of the S shape is particularly long and straight, indicating widespread but infrequent data past the upper quartile (56 seconds). Interpretation It has been discovered that there is a large concentration of call durations bellow 5 minutes, indicating that moving to a different operator may be advised, although increased pence per minute increase from such a move may negate any benefit. With 49 of the 52 calls less than 5 minutes, the mean, mode, median, standard deviation and quartiles falling less that 5 minutes, it is clear that most calls are much less than 5 minutes duration, according to the sample. The positive skew also supports this point, by showing that calls tend towards lower than 5 minute call durations. It has also been discovered that the 3 calls above 5 minutes are considerably above five minutes. This indicates the pence per minute increase problem outlined above. Therefore, it has been shown that (provided the sample is representative) if call charges are not increased and the 5 pence minimum dropped, moving to another call operator would be sensible. The data of the population is of good quality, as indicated in the introductory paragraphs. The data is very accurate as a computer calculated it automatically and the sample hand gathered 3 times (to insure there was no errors in gathering the sample). The extreme values were therefore verified 2 times. In terms of validation, none of data should (or was) negative. This was manually checked for after sample collection. It certainly appears that the data was worth collecting as it has shown a high biased towards 5-minute call durations. Even if the data had not shown this, it would have told us that changing to another operator might not be such a good idea. With there being only 3 calls over 5 minutes, these 3 calls probably are not representative of the over 5 minute calls in the population. If it can be shown that many of the over 5 minute calls in the sample are considerably over 5 minutes. This could be a problem if there are pence per minute increases with a new non-5-minute-minimum-charge operator: the effect of the increase may negate the effects of the lack of a 5 minute minimum charge. Accuracy and refinements The sample only represents 5.9% (, to 1 d.p.) of the population. Thus, how representative the sample is of the population is questionable, especially as only 3 of the sample were over 5 minutes in duration. Using a telephone can often result in somewhat fixed patterns of calling, thus using a systemic method of data gathering maybe influenced unduly by these routines. When gathering data by eye from a long list of numbers that are similar in appearance (as in this case) may be particularly error prone. Accuracy in long calculations such as standard deviation may not be wholly accurate despite repeating the calculations 2 times and using the calculator as further backup. The impact of other call types, such as national and international has not been assessed; a change in operator may adversely affect these rates. A greater sample and/or population size could improve reliability of the analysis as the sample gathered may be more representative. A greater population could be found by collecting different quarterly bills. A greater sample size could be derived from changing the number of call durations to skip to a number less than 17. To gain a more representative sample of over 5 minute calls, it would be acceptable to carryout a sub investigation on a sample of over 5 minute calls (i.e. a sample of the population of over 5 minute calls). This would help us discover how much of an effect call charges would have on the bill. If all the whole population could be gathered, say by optical character recognition technology, then a computer statistics package could be used to calculate and graph the data. This would eliminate any problems associated with sampling but would be costly, if the hardware and software required was not easily accessible. Also, optical character recognition is not 100% accurate, so the data would have to checked by had a long uncomfortable occupation. There exist more advanced methods of calculating various statistics, and could be utilised to give greater, more refined, insight. An example might be calculating the skew or kurtosis numerically. Another possibility of determining the number of under 5 minute calls would be to manually count the number of over 5 minute calls in the whole population and subtract that number from 886 (the total number of local rate telephone calls). This would give an accurate proportion of under 5 minute calls, but would not give their nature (e.g. how close to the 5 minute barrier are they). Other graphs or charts could be drawn to give further insight into the data set. An example might be a pie-chart showing proportion of over and under 5 minute calls of the sample. A different method of sampling could be employed to avoid the routine problem that a systemic method carries or an unrepresentative problem that a random method carries. Perhaps a mixture of the two could be employed to generate a higher quality sample. This could be that the number of call durations missed before collecting another could be randomly generated using the random number facility on a calculator. Moving a piece of paper or ruler already marked) and can help to ensure that durations are indeed 17 call durations apart (by sight). As a change in operator may affect all charge rates, the affect upon the cost of national and international calls should be assessed or else savings from the removal of the 5 pence minimum charge could be negated and the new operator forsaken (and it may in fact cost to return to BT). There are in fact only 5 international calls, totalling 1 hour 4 minutes in duration and costing a total of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12.77. With such a small population, statistical analysis in not advised. Merely cost comparing the call charges with other operators should be sufficient. In addition it should be remarked that the cost for the international calls is quite low and would probably not negate a saving made from removing the 5-minute minimum charge. This is especially true as many non-BT operators are constantly advertising their low international rates. There are 57 national calls, of which total duration is 2 hours and 17 minutes, and costing a total of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.48. With such a small charge, it hardly seems worth investigating. It would be possible to see how much the same call time (2 hours and 17 minutes) would cost with another operator. It might be advised as a further extension to the investigation, to find out (of the sample data) how many extra minutes are actually charged for because of the 5-minute minimum charge. This would help discover how much one would save when moving to a new operator. In conclusion, it seems that several statements can be made: o The sample is fairly accurate (with the population being as accurate as possible), but could be improved in terms of representation. o The cost of over five minute local calls, national and international calls should be calculated against any increase in charges of another operator to ensure that the increases effect does not take away the effect of removing the 5 minute minimum charge. o Most local rate calls are less than five minutes in duration, but it is possible that some of the over 5 minute calls are particularly long in duration.

EM200-1501B-02 Introduction to Website Development Phase 1 IP Assignment

EM200-1501B-02 Introduction to Website Development Phase 1 IP - Assignment Example The main page is usually the first page to be seen when one visits a web page. The main page has enriched information regarding the website. Main pages contain graphic images describing the function of the site. A main page also contains links to other pages within the site. The primary function of a main page is to give access to other pages on the website. This is achieved by providing links to articles, pages and other files contained in the website. Main pages also contain a search box to help visitors quickly access data and information they are looking for on a website. A websites primary page also explains the core functions of the internet site to its visitors (Gareth, 2003). A header in a general computer context is the top portion of an electronic file. In a web page context, a header can be said to be a ‘banner’. It can be defined as the top portion that contains the name, logo and general information about a website. A header is consistent throughout the website appearing at the top of all pages it contains. The headers primary function is to communicate with visitors on what the website is for and what it does. To accomplish this, a header usually contains the company’s logo and in most cases its slogan or motto. A good header attracts visitors’ attention, sparks their curiosity, and prompts them to look for more in the website. Since it is the first object to be seen on a website, a header creates a focus point for a visitor and encourages him/her to continue browsing the site. Depending on its image and color, a header can also improve the visibility of the website (Gareth, 2003). In a general computer context, footer is the bottom portion of an electronic or computer file. For a web page, footer describes the part at the bottom of the page. Like the header, a footer is also consistent throughout the website appearing at the bottom of every page. Most web page footers contain a

Carrie Chapman Catt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Carrie Chapman Catt - Essay Example After the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, she organized the League of Women Voters for the political education of women (Levin 2006). Carrie assisted in the arrangement of the International Women Suffrage Alliance at the Berlin Conference. She then committed and restricted herself to the peace movements in 1923.This she made work through lecturing, writing and also recruiting in the Suffrage movement. Her moves were mainly to free women and be allowed to vote and b heard as the. In a nutshell it was all about eradicating male chauvinism (Keller 2006). She was a hardworking lady who never lost hope an even after some members led by Alice Paul had left the union, she strategized and developed a future plan to keep the group alive. After her great achievement of the successful amendment of the constitution, she began a worldwide campaign and tour to help the women develop the right to vote (Levin

How to Write an Article Review Essay Example for Free

How to Write an Article Review Essay Writing an article review, which is also sometimes referred to as an article critique, is a special type of writing that involves reading an article and then providing the reader with your personal take on its content. In general, article review essays should start with a heading that includes a citation of the sources that are being reviewed. The first paragraph, which is the introduction to the article review, should provide a summary of the article highlights. This summary should not provide every last detail about the article being reviewed. Rather, it should only discuss the most important details. If you find yourself carrying on or needing more than one paragraph to write your summary, you need to revisit the paragraph and find ways to trim down the length of your summary. Following the brief summary of your article, you will then need to explain why the article is significant. Questions you should ask yourself when writing these paragraphs include: Does the article fill a void within the literature that already exists on the topic? Does the article contain any information that would be considered â€Å"breakthrough† information? Will the information contained within this article cause other people in the field to change their ideas about the subject matter or does it simply revisit information that is already known in the field? In your final paragraphs, you will need to present your personal evaluation of the article. Some questions you should ask yourself in order to come up with your personal evaluation include whether or not the article is well written and clear. You should also consider whether or not any information was missing and if more research is needed on the topic. If you are writing the article review for a class, try to connect the article to organizational and industrial experience and try to connect the content of the article to information that you have been studying in your course. As you write your article review, keep in mind that you are doing more than just a book report. Rather than focus on telling what the article was about, your article review should reflect your personal opinions on the article as well as how it affects you or the field in which it was written. After you have finished writing your article review, be sure to go back and re-read it. This way, you will be able to look at it with a fresh set of eyes and you may notice errors that you had not previously noticed. Outline of the Article Review Please include the following categories in your article review. Full Bibliographic Reference Introduction: Objectives, Article Domain, Audience, Journal and Conceptual/Emprical Classification Very Brief Summary Results Contributions Foundation Synthesis with other materials Analysis Additional Analysis General Critique) Further Critique of a Conceptual Article -or- Further Critique of an Empirical Article Issues (in your opinion). Questions Annotated Bibliography Citation Analysis Appendix 1. Full Bibliographic Reference State the full bibliographic reference for the article you are reviewing (authors, title, journal name, volume, issue, year, page numbers, etc. ) Important: this is not the bibliography listed at the end of the article, rather the citation of the article itself! 2. Introduction: Objectives, Article Domain, Audience, Journal and Conceptual/Emprical Classification Paragraph 1: State the objectives (goals or purpose) of the article. What is the articles domain (topic area)? 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Instead focus on analysis of the article. Thus, in this section, summarize the article only very briefly. Paragraph 1: what is the problem or opportunity being addressed Paragraph 2: which solution is proposed (the solution could be a new model or a theory that explains the problem) Paragraph 3: what evidence is put forth that this solution is appropriate (If this is an empirical article, be sure to briefly describe what kind of empirical study was done as part of the evidence) 4. Results Very briefly summarize the important points (observations, conclusions, findings) in the article. Please do not repeat lists of items in the articles just summarize the essence of these if you feel they are necessary to include. 5. Contributions. An article makes a contribution by adding to the knowledge of researchers in a research field. An article can make a contribution to the research field in many ways. Does it provide a new way to look at a problem? Does it bring together or synthesize several concepts (or frameworks, models, etc. ) together in an insightful way that has not been done before? Does it provide new solutions? Does it provide new results? Does it identify new issues? Does it provide a comprehensive survey or review of a domain? Does it provide new insights? Also, is it salient (relevant and current) to a particular scientific issue or managerial problem? Are the issues addressed introduced in a way that their relevance to practice is evident? Would answers to the questions raised in the article likely to be useful to researchers and managers? Note: Do not discuss the contributions of the technologies the article describes, but rather the contributions of the article itself! The articles contributions should be original. Describe each contribution clearly in a separate paragraph or bullet point. Discuss why the contribution is important. Alternatively, if you believe the article makes no contributions, explain why clearly. 6. Foundation. Good research often is built upon theories and frameworks that other researchers have developed. Sometimes articles will be substantially based upon this prior work, and refer back to it in some detail. (Not all research articles will do this. ) Which theoretical foundations does this article and research build on, if any? In what ways? Include references/citations of the foundation work. (You can determine this in part from the works the article cites. )Note, however, that most works cited are not core foundational work, but rather just support certain aspects of the article. Similarly, do not confuse a general discussion of related topics as foundational work. If the article does not build upon key pieces of prior research, then write in your review This article does not build upon any foundation research. (If you do not state this explicitly, you will not receive credit for this section. ) 7. Synthesis with Class Materials Synthesis means analyzing a particular topic by comparing and contrasting it with, and thinking about it from the viewpoint of, the class materials from across the semester. These materials include the articles, models, frameworks, guidelines and other concepts weve covered. (Of course, only certain materials will be relevant for any given article. )Note: You have to do this synthesis! You need to relate this article to other things we have studied, so by definition you will not find this analysis in the article itself! You also could analyze the approach the author took to the articles analysis and discussion. Discuss the articles approach and results in terms of one or more of the frameworks, etc. , from the text or readings, or any you find elsewhere. As part of this analysis, reference other articles youve read, when appropriate. Compare the approach, results and contribution with all articles about similar topics or with a similar approach. For all of these, do your synthesis comparison in as much depth as you can! 8. Analysis Note: Many people assume this category is the same as General Critique. It is not. General Critique is a different category from this, and follows below. What has changed since the article was written? How do its lessons, ideas and theories still apply? To what extent has its issues been resolved? Additional Analysis Optionally, try applying the articles models, frameworks and guidelines, etc. yourself. Do you find them useful? In addition, you may optionally add your own additional analysis in a separate subsection. (Do not repeat the authors analysis in the paper you could summarize this as part of the results section. ) 9. General Critique In this section you should state your opinions of how well (or poorly) the authors did their research and presented the research results in the article. Your critique can contain both positive and negative comments. Justify and explain in detail each of your critique points in a separate paragraph of at least 4-5 sentences. The following are suggestions only: Does it build upon the appropriate foundation (i. e. , upon appropriate prior research)? Did the authors choose the correct approach, and then execute it properly? How confident are you in the articles results, and why? Are its ideas really new, or do the authors simply repackage old ideas and perhaps give them a new name? Do the authors discuss everything they promise in the articles introduction and outline? What are the articles shortcomings (faults) and limitations (boundaries)? Did it discuss all of the important aspects and issues in its domain (topic area)? In what way should the article have made a contribution, but then did not? Do the authors make appropriate comparisons to similar events, cases or occurrences? How complete and thorough a job did the authors do? Do the authors include an adequate discussion, analysis and conclusions? Did they justify everything adequately? Did they provide enough background information for the intended audience to understand it? For you to understand it? Were there adequate and appropriate examples and illustrations? Ask yourself these questions when justifying your critique points: why/why not? how? what distinguishes the differences/different approaches, and in what ways? 9. 1. Further Critique of a Conceptual Article (only for conceptual articles) A critique of a conceptual article examines the logic of the arguments made by the authors. Both strengths and weaknesses should be identified in a critique. Explain and justify each of your critique points in at least 3-4 sentences. Give examples whenever possible. To the best of your abilities, discuss each of the following categories in a separate paragraph: 1. LOGICAL CONSISTENCY: Do any parts of the article or research contradict or invalidate other parts? If so, have the authors acknowledged and explained this adequately? 2. COHERENCE: Does the article make sense? Did the authors approach this article (and this research) sensibly? Does the article develop an argument that follows a coherent line of reasoning? Are the boundaries of the argument reasonably well defined? Does the argument anticipate most, if not all, rival arguments? Does the article flow in a logical sequence? Do later parts build logically upon earlier parts? 3. SUBSTANCE: Does the article provide an argument or a line of reasoning that offers insight into important issues, or does it merely summarize previous studies in a shallow way that does not reflect depth of analysis? Does the article provide ways (a model, framework, guidelines, etc. ) to guide future thinking about the issue(s) the author is addressing? 4. FOCUS: Is there a clear audience that the authors address? Was the article written at the appropriate level for this audience? 9. 2. Further Critique of an Empirical Article (only for empirical articles) A critique of an empirical article examines the strength of the empirical evidence supporting the authors argument. Both strengths and weaknesses should be identified in a critique. Explain and justify each of your critique points in at least 3-4 sentences. To the best of your abilities, discuss each of the following categories in a separate paragraph: 1. CLARITY: Is the articles purpose and argument clear? Do the researchers clearly develop a major research question, proposition, or hypothesis that is to be evaluated in the empirical study and discussed in this article? If the study is exploratory (preliminary), is sufficient justification for an exploratory strategy given? 2. THEORETICAL GROUNDING: Is the researchers argument grounded in more basic theory? Is it clear whether the structure of the empirical study (i. e., what they do) was derived from theory, or just made up? In theory-building articles, is the need for new theory adequately established? 3. DESIGN OF RESEARCH INVESTIGATION: Is it clear exactly how the empirical study was carried out? Is the design of the research approach (field study, experiments, questionnaires, etc. both contents and how they will be used) adequate to address the common threats to internal and external validity? Have appropriate controls been established, and is the selection of research sites justified? Are the hypotheses and experiments, etc., significant? 4. MEASUREMENT: Empirical studies can have quantitative measurements (i. e. , numeric results) and qualitative or subjective measurements. Are the measures used adequately described (i. e. , what is measured in the study and how)? Are data on the reliability and validity of these measures reported? Does the article feel anecdotal or solidly supported with evidence? For example, in case or field studies, are the results well documented? Is it clear who the subjects were, and with whom interviews were carried out? Were important results cross-checked, i. e., determined across a range of subjects or just gotten from one or two subjects? 5. ANALYSIS: Is the analysis of empirical data conducted properly? Do the data conform to the requirements of any statistical tests used? Are qualitative data adequately described and presented? 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: In discussing the results of the empirical study, do the authors remain true to the actual findings of the study? Are the claims made in the conclusion of the article actually supported by the empirical data? If the study is exploratory, do the authors offer research questions or hypotheses for future research? 7. BIASES: Do the biases of the authors affect the design of the research or the interpretation of the results? Are the authors aware of potential biases and the affect on the study? 10. Issues (listed by the author) What open questions or issues has the author stated remain unresolved? Discuss each in a separate paragraph of 5-10 sentences. Each issues paragraph should take the following format: what is the issue? why do you believe this is an important issue? in what way is it unresolved suggestions for resolving it if you give your own suggestions (instead of or in addition to the authors, then precede each with I would propose If it has been resolved since the article was written, then state how it was resolved. 11. Issues (in your opinion) List several open questions or issues which remain unresolved in your opinion? For example, what possible future research questions could arise from this article? Discuss each in a separate paragraph of 5-10 sentences. Each issues paragraph should take the following format: what is the issue? why do you believe this is an important issue? in what way is it unresolved suggestions for resolving it 12. Questions List three insightful questions of your own, arising from this article. Do not ask definitions, but rather questions that really make one think. 13. Annotated Bibliography For every item you have cited in your report, you need a full reference and an annotation explaining it. List the full bibliographic references (authors, title, journal name, volume, issue, year, page numbers, etc. ) for anything you have cited in your review. IMPORTANT: This is NOT the bibliography listed at the end of the article. It is the bibliographic references for any readings you yourself referred to inside your review. Write 2-4 sentences describing the article. Write 2-3 sentences describing why you cited it. 14. Citation Analysis Appendix If the article has no citations then write in that section I found no citations in the [Science Citation Index or the Social Sciences Citation Index or on the Internet]. Note, if your article has more than 20 citations, you only need to include a selection of them: State how many citations each index has and the Web search found List 1-2 citations for each year in which the article has been cited. Try to include citations from several different journals spread over your selection ? Include a citation analysis to see who has cited it and how.

Essay --

Adolf Eichmann Imagine a life of hiding in fear from being killed and hunted down, which is what the Holocaust was. During the Holocaust everyone believes that Hitler is the one to blame. This is partially true, he does deserve most of the blame yet Adolf Eichmann shares some of it being one to help send over 6 million Jews to death in centration camps. It all started while Eichmann was a little boy. Adolf Eichmann was born on March 19, 1906 in Solingen, Germany. He and the rest of his family moved to Linz, Australia while Adolf was in Grade School. Believe it or not his best friend growing up was Jewish. His mother died while Adolf was at a young age and his father remarried promptly after. Adolf was the only one to fail out of his high school and not graduate of his family (Ruth 10-12). Adolf Eichmann’s father put him into a school to become an engineer out of desperation for his son to succeed. Adolf Flunked out of that school just as he had in high school. His family thought of him to be a disappointment. His father started a mining company and employed Adolf but he didn’t do well at that job either. Adolf’s father pushed him to excel but Adolf just had no desire to work. Adolf would soon leave the mining business and join the army rather than to stay and work for his father (Ruth 12-15). Adolf Eichmann joined the army in an effort to alleviate boredom but ended up getting bored. He thought that it was repetitive, doing the same thing every day, all day. He told his drill instructor that the only reason he was doing so well was because his father would not buy him some new gloves and he was angry because of that. His anger made him surpass the rest of the soldiers. Adolf was promoted to the Austrian Legion. The Austrian L... ...ny responsibility for his father's actions and is content with the penalty the trail gave his father. Ricardo was the youngest of Adolf's sons. (Coffee with Eichmann Ynet) Adolf Eichmann was found guilty of his crimes against Jewish people and was sentenced to death. Eichmann was hung on June 1, 1962. He was cremated and his ashes were put in the middle of the sea off the coast of Israel. His final words were very long. He talks about how he was just following orders which is true but that doesn't make it any more right to aid in the killing of over 6 million Jews. Eichmann said, â€Å"To sum it all up, I regret nothing." (Coffee with Eichmann (Ynet) Eichmann was truly evil and deserves a lot of the blame. He deported the Jews to the concentration camps. He was involved in sending over 6 million Jews to their death. He was a coward and fled the country after the war.

Beer Wars-Documentary Review

MBA 650EV| Beer Wars| A Documentary| | Table of Contents Introduction2 How the Large Got/Stay Large2 Why Light is King3 Craft Beer Facts3 The Craft Beer Way4 Spreading the News5 Large Feeling the Effects5 Political Issues6 Conclusion7 Introduction Beer Wars was a very eye-opening documentary. It was interesting to see how the market share of the largest beer company, Anheiser-Busch, has grown throughout the years. In 1965, Anheiser-Busch had a meager market share of twelve percent. As marketing on television grew in popularity, Anheiser-Busch’s market share grew as well.By 1985, Anheiser-Busch’s market share had grew to thirty-seven percent. By 2005, Anheiser-Busch’s market share had grown to an enormous forty-nine percent. This was very shocking to me that one company could control almost one-half of the market share of a $97 billion industry. Also, in 1985, the other two largest beer makers, Miller and Coors, made up about twenty-six percent of the market share . Thus, in 2005, major beer companies made up seventy-five percent of the beer sales in the United States. Which tells us that craft breweries only had twenty-five percent of the market share.How the Large Got/Stay Large In the beginning, all beers were craft beers, until the big three companies wanted to grow, and grow they did. Unfortunately, as the three largest beer companies in the United States grew, the beer-drinking public that was buying their beer were actually the people who were suffering. The reason that I say this is because of the way the large beer manufacturers got to this point. The large beer manufacturers were not very concerned about the quality of their beers as much as they were about the number of sales that were created.The way that the large beer companies did this was through their advertising campaigns. The large beer companies were/are millions and millions of dollars during different sporting functions and on every day television. Beer Wars told us that , on average, there is about $1. 5 billion spent on advertising by the large beer companies every single year. That number is astounding to me, considering how popular their beers are. I think if they were to cut back their advertisements by about 50%, they would still maintain a stranglehold on the beer market in the United States.Another way that large beer companies tend to stay on top of the market is through shelf space at different locations. The large beer companies tend to make many different varieties of beers and thus are afforded more space on the shelves and local markets and liquor stores. This leaves a very small area for craft beers to be displayed, especially when it is very difficult to determine if a beer is a craft beer or made by one of the large beer companies. I will talk more about this later in the discussion. Why Light is King The large beer companies tend to market light lager beers, and for good reason.About eighty-five percent of the beer consumed in the United States is light lager. So, Miller Lite, Coors Light and Bud-Light are very good money makers for the large beer companies. I would not blame the companies for pushing and selling what the people want, or is this what people want? Craft Beer Facts Well, craft beers haven’t fully caught on in the beer markets. NPR. org tells us that craft beers only make up about five percent of the total beer market. According to NPR. org, there are currently over two thousand breweries in the United States.Of those two thousand, about 1,950 of those breweries are considered craft beer breweries. That’s another very interesting point. Ninety-five percent of the breweries in the United States are brewing about five percent of the beer that is sold in the United States. That really doesn’t seem right, but NPR. org goes on to tell us that in order to be a craft brewery, the breweries cannot brew more than 6 million barrels of beer every year. According to texaswatchdog. org, Anheiser-Busch alone brewed over one hundred million barrels of beer in 2011. That is an amazingly large amount of beer for one company to sell.This also tells us that the hope is not nearly lost for craft brewers. If all of the 1,950 craft brewers produced only ? million barrels of beer each year, they could easily cripple the large beer manufacturers with an influx of 975 million barrels of beer flooding the marketplace. But, the vast majority of craft brewers would never want to do that. The Craft Beer Way The craft brewers in the United States and around the world have a completely different take on what it means to brew beer. Dogfish Head craft beer was said to only have . 0002% of the market share of beer sales in the United States.According to brewersassociation. org, Dogfish Head craft beer ranked 12th in the nation in 2011, based upon the number of sales for a craft brewery. That is truly amazing, how a company ranked 12th in the whole country in craft beer sales still only has . 0002% of the total market share of the beer industry. However, the owner of the company said that he would never want to grow like the large beer companies have. He is more concerned about each and every bottle of beer being the best beer possible, rather than worrying too much about how many cases he is able to send out the door.As a whole, craft beer makers try to capture their piece of the market through differentiation of their products and not through advertising like the large beer companies. Craft beer makers still try to do new and interesting things with beer, but they do their best not to lose focus on the most important factor, a good quality brew. Spreading the News Beer Wars told us that one event that allows craft breweries to get their name out to the public is the great American beer festival. This is an event where brewers go to from all over the world for people to sample and try different beers that the craft brewers make.This is a great way for the small b reweries to get their name out to the market. Unfortunately, Beer Wars told us that even the large beer companies are starting to attend this event. Large Feeling the Effects The large beer companies have now started feeling the effects of small craft beers in the marketplace. According to brewerassociation. org, craft brew beer sales have increased from about one percent to about six percent of market share in the past fifteen years. This is the only portion of the beer industry to have any sign growth in that timeframe.Once again, the large beer companies are using their financial advantage to combat this trend. Anheiser-Busch has gone out and purchased several small beer company names and have been selling them as craft beers, where in fact they are mass produced at one of many Anheiser-Busch’s factories. Another way that large beer companies are flexing their monetary muscles is through lawsuits. Beer Wars described how one craft brewer was being sued by Anheiser-Busch fo r using a name that the brewer had used for years. The problem with this is that Anheiser-Busch had not been using that name for very long.Another issue with this is that craft brewers do not have the financial means to be able to hold off many lawsuits from large beer manufacturers. The reason that this is difficult for craft beer makers is the fact that funding for craft breweries is very hard to come by. Usually investors either invest in very large ventures or very small ventures. Most of the time, craft beer makers are somewhere in the middle as far as their funding needs go. Because of this oddity, gaining funds for the production facilities for a craft brewery is very hard to obtain through normal financing. Political IssuesSome of the other challenges for the craft beer manufacturers is found in Washington, D. C. Beer Wars tells us that beer lobbyists are one of the most powerful group of lobbyists in Washington. The main focus of these lobbyists is ensuring that the three-t ier system of distribution is held intact. The three-tier distribution system basically splits up the beer manufacturers, the beer distributors and the beer retailers. This rule was put in after prohibition to make sure that beer sales would be fair across all persons involved. Basically, so the large beer makers couldn’t prevent others from getting their product onto store shelves.Unfortunately, this is exactly what is happening. Distributors tend to lend favor to the large beer companies, because they are paid by how much beer they deliver, and as we saw from Beer Wars, the large beer manufacturers still control that volume of beer sales. So, when the distributors are putting the beer on the shelves of the retailer, they will basically give the large beer companies whatever kind of shelving presence that they desire, basically because they are getting incentivized to do so. I definitely think that the three-tier system needs to be looked at and revamped to meet the needs of today’s marketplace.Conclusion Overall, this documentary was a very interesting look into the beer manufacturer marketplace. I never realized before how devious the large beer manufacturers are when it comes to protecting their market share. With both the lawsuits over naming rights and the basic control of beer distributors, it’s amazing that any craft beer makers even stand a chance of holding any portion of market share. I believe that the large beer manufacturers are scared of what could happen very quickly if they do not do something to respond to the expanding requirements for quality beer in the marketplace.This documentary definitely made me change my mind on how I thought about craft beers. I always figured it was just some fad that would eventually fade away. I see now that this is not the case at all. Craft brews are just being produced to give the marketplace a much higher quality, even if they have to pay a little more. I have a much greater respect for c raft beer manufacturers. I would hope to someday be able to brew my own beer just to see how fulfilling it can be. I will definitely start drinking more craft beers because of this documentary. References (Other Than Beer Wars) 1. BREWERS ASSOCIATION RELEASES TOP 50 BREWERIES IN 2011. †Ã‚  Brewers Association. Brewers Association, 17 Apr. 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. . 2. Chappell, Bill. â€Å"U. S. Craft Beer Brewers Thrive, Despite Small Share Of The Market. †Ã‚  NPR. org. NPR, 18 May 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. . 3. Lisheron, Mark. â€Å"Anheuser-Busch InBev Roars against Craft Breweries Bill in Texas Legislature. †Ã‚  Texas Watchdog | Investigating Government Waste, Fraud