Friday, May 31, 2019

The Theme of Carpe Diem in Francis Macomber and Capital Of The World Es

The Theme of Carpe Diem in Francis Macomber and Capital Of The World The Short capable humanityners of Francis Macomber and The Capital Of The World A lot of Hemingways stories deal with life and death. Death til now found its way into some of the titles we sustain read so far. However, in discussing death, we first set out to go to at life or rather how a life was lived, to truly understand what death meant in the particular instance. Both short stories, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, and The Capital Of The World deal with lives burn up short by a chance and accidental encounter with death, while the soon to be decedent seem to gamble and court death. Both also seem to have secondary characters that serve as guides of sorts into this journey. However only one of these characters seems satisfied when cut down, and that is what Hemingway thinks makes all the difference. For example, in The Capital Of The World, were are introduced to the character of Paco. Early in the story, Hemingway writes, Madrid is full of boys named Paco(29). And, as stated in class, Francis, from The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, to bears a rather unusual name. While Paco is told to be common, we recognize Francis as being an odd name for a man. The names are different, but the publication seems to be the same. Hemingway named his characters to give us a picture of who they are. With Paco, we see just another faceless boy, and with Francis we assume a poor example of a Hemingway man. Both of these are then set up to be unremarkable characters that may have to prove their worth. And that is what drives each particular story. Both stories also have characters that drive each respective protagonist into his... ...The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber ends with Wilson saying, Im though now, he said,I was a critical angry. Id begun to like your husband(28). What Hemingway is telling us plainly is that Macomber was able to achieve something. His death, alth ough tragic, is not as tragic as Pacos. As we have said many times in class, Hemingway knows death does indeed come for everyone. From short stories like The Killers to novels like For Whom The Bell Tolls, death can almost even be described as a reoccurring character in Hemingways work. However death impact is weighed by comparing it to life. For Macomber, death came at his highest point. He went down like man. Paco however, lost his life before he could lose his innocence. He was not even given the chance to live. And that is what Hemingway thinks is all the more tragic. To let out not like a man, but a boy.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Country vs. Culture Essay example -- Culture

America is a land based on freedom. This freedom is for every individualistic no matter their stimulate or culture. Our society has surpassed many judgments and concerns that these demographic differences had created in the past. These differences had previously led to a great amount of heathen diversity through the act of divergence among our nation. America, as a country, has now opened opportunities for individuals to work and interact in environments which were previously unsuited. USA Today surveyed a minority group in 2005 and open up that over one third of corporate culture embraces diversity (El Nasser). They have opened doors to expand publications that are now reaching around 41% of minorities working at all levels of companies and 37% of minorities at senior management (El Nasser). America has allowed cultural views of religion and other lifestyle beliefs and values to be an individuals choice. They have also given a vast amount of freedom to different ethnic and religious groups throughout the past decades. A number of individuals along with various groups have taken advantage of these freedoms in unacceptable and illegal ways and given a lesser punishments for their actions. There have been cultural cases surrounding the acts of rapes and put to deaths, for example, where a defendant was given 5 years of probation for murder and another individual was given 120 days in prison for murder (Phillips). These sentences can be compared to the 10 or more years charged for a normal murder case or the average 11.8 years in prison for an individual convicted of rape (Title 18 Crimes and cruel Procedure). The freedom this country is based on should not be shaken by the cultures coming in, but this country should stand beside ... ...the English Courts. Modern Law Review. 66.4 (2003) 510-531. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. .Reddy, Sita. Temporarily Insane Pathologising Cultural Difference in American Criminal Courts. Sociology of Health and Illness. 24. 5 (2002) 667-687. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. . United States. Justia US Law. Title 18 Crimes and Criminal Procedure. Justia, 2010. Web. .Valladares, Rene. Culture Clash Cultural Issues in Criminal Defense. District of Nevada Juris Publishing Inc., 2007. 424-466. eBook. www.fd.org/pdf_lib/culture_clash.pdf. Willing, Richard. Courts Asked To call back Culture. USA Today 25 May 2004, n. pag. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. http//www.usatoday.com/educate/college/casestudies/Multicultural.pdf.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

The Benefits of Integrating Computers into the Early Childhood Classroom :: Teaching Education

The Advantages of Integrating Computers into the aboriginal Childhood ClassroomEach year, new technologies hold the promise to demasculinise the way we think and learn. Computers are prevalent everywhere, and they are making their way into school systems around the country (Roberts, Carter, Friel, and Miller, 1988). It is obvious that there is a demand for expert instruction in high school and college. However, the question of if computers should be implemented into early childhood classrooms is still prudent. With computers all around us, it is inevitable that children will be exposed to them, and they will eventually be facilitated into their daily lives. The purpose of this research paper is to explore the advantages, disadvantages, and methods of integrating computers into the early childhood classroom. How Computers Effect Young ChildrenEarly childhood experiences should maximize young childrens overall growth and development. Their eyes should be opened to the wondermen t of learning and the pleasures of discovery. Computers can by an important pawn to optimize young childrens potential, and help aid the learning process (Scoter 2001). Before deciding to introduce children to computers, it is important to address the potential benefits and dangers the machines have on youths. Potential DangersSome people believe that computers should non have a place in early childhood classrooms. They speculate that computers will rob children of their childhood, put back other activities, reduce creativity, and lead to social isolation. It is feared that computers will force them to learn what they are not ready to learn. The machines are often viewed as one more(prenominal) thing to rush young children through their vital childhood years (Scoter, 2001). Whether computers will rob children of their childhood totally depends on how they are used. If children are compel to use computers for lengthy periods of time with drill software, computers could ver y well rob them of their childhood. On the other hand, if computers are used in appropriate ways that match childrens development level, they can benefit young children, and teach them what they are ready to learn (NAEYC, 2001).It is also believed that computers will replace other childhood activities, such(prenominal) as building with blocks, painting pictures, or playing house. Exposure to computers may hinder childrens developing understanding of the real world. In reality, this does not occur. Whenever something new, whether it is a paint set or a computer, is first introduced into a classroom, all the children want to use it.

The Outsiders :: essays research papers

The Outsidersby S.E. HintonPublished 1967Published by Puffin BooksGenre fictionThe book The Outsiders is the existent story about this betwixt two very different pigeonholings in a town in the United States the poor Greasers from the east side, and the Socs, whitch is what the greasers call the socials, the richer boys from the opposite side of the town. jogboy Curtis is the narrator of the story, a 14-year-old boy who lives with his two older brothers, Darry and Soda. He is a pretty good athlete and student, but is not treated the resembling as the richer students at his school. Ponyboy uses to have long hair that he greases back, a symbol of being in the outsider gang. He is unhappy with his situation, because Darry is too pr hithertotative of him and he always has to be afraid of Socs attacking him. One night Pony and his best friend Johnny are attacked by a group of drunken Socs. When one of the Socs tries to drown Pony, he goes unconscious and when he wakes up, he sees t hat Johnny has killed one of the Socs. The two boys decide to go to their friend Dally he gives them money and directions to a perform in the country. There they hide out for a long week, and after it Dally comes to find them. After eating, they return to the church and see that it has caught fire. A group of children are stuck in the burning building. Pony and Johnny do not hesitate and jump in to save the children, Pony gets out ok but Johnny is hit with a piece of falling wood and serious burnt. The boys appear in the news as heroes, even though they are still wanted for murdering the Soc. Pony is fine, but Johnny is badly hurt. After a while, there is a big fight between the Greasers and the Socs. The Greasers win, but when Dally and Pony go to tell Johnny that they won, he dies during their visit. Dally is destroyed by this and later he calls Pony to tell him that he robbed a store and is being chased by the cops. They hurry to meet him, and see him shot down after he pulls a gun on the police. Pony is scared by what has happened, and convinces himself that he, not Johnny, killed the Soc.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Environmentally Conscious Propoganda :: social issues

Environmentally informed PropogandaWRIT 140 September 11, 2000 Environmentally Conscious Propaganda Almost every single original concept forthwith has become mainstream or shows a general trend towards becoming so. Propagandists realize this and often process these ideas, tainting their flavor of originality and creating a new generation of gullible wannabes who can partly adhere to any philosophy, scarce do non allow themselves to be inconveniences by certain doctrines. Anything that might elicit followers or have the potential to, has drawn the attention of these solicitor, yet one of the fastest growing target audiences today seem to be constitution lovers. Three examples extracted from various sources reveal that advertisers are targeting a presumed cultural attitude that mess today wish not further to save the environment, but also view nature as the idealistic existence in contrast with the mundane city life most people have accustomed themselves to. Next one must quest ion, What is the idealistic existence? All three advertisements point to one notion or another but more often than not seem more different than similar. The fist two automotives ads for Toyota and Honda respectively both deal with the natural environment. However Toyota appeals directly toward nature lovers and those who share an outdoorsman spirit by asking the question of whether one would blend in with nature, or with traffic. The advertisement crosses both a machine and the environment, suggesting that a equilibrize can be achieved between man and nature. The subliminal hint seem to be that the advertised 4-Runner will somehow help one tune into nature. The emplacement from the Honda Insight, however, is far from Toyotas. Reaching for the environmentalist, the ad immediately grabs at people who are to some degree conscious of environmental concerns such as pollution. While not an environmental movement all by itself the insight does pollute considerably less than normal 4 cyli nder and 6 cylinder vehicles. While not designed to adhere to hardcore environmentalists, it does appeal to the average person concern with it. Car promoters also presume that while people today are concerned with the environment, most people wouldnt lift a finger if they had to go out of their way. The average Joe would rather pass a piece of trash on the street than pick it up, because they would inconvenience themselves in the process. The Insight is accordingly partially battery powered, never needs to be plugged in, and is more of a convenience.

Environmentally Conscious Propoganda :: social issues

environmentally Conscious PropogandaWRIT 140 September 11, 2000 Environmentally Conscious Propaganda Al close every single original concept today has become mainstream or shows a general trend towards becoming so. Propagandists realize this and oft exploit these ideas, tainting their flavor of originality and creating a new generation of gullible wannabes who can partly adhere to any philosophy, but do not allow themselves to be inconveniences by certain doctrines. Anything that might elicit followers or have the potential to, has drawn the attention of these solicitor, yet one of the fastest growing propose audiences today seem to be nature lovers. Three examples extracted from various sources reveal that advertisers argon targeting a presumed cultural attitude that people today wish not only to save the environment, but also view nature as the idealistic existence in contrast with the mundane city life most people have accustomed themselves to. Next one must question, What is the idealistic existence? All three advertisements point to one notion or another(prenominal) but more often than not seem more different than similar. The fist two automotives ads for Toyota and Honda respectively both deal with the natural environment. However Toyota appeals this instant toward nature lovers and those who share an outdoorsman spirit by asking the question of whether one would blend in with nature, or with traffic. The advertisement crosses both a machine and the environment, suggesting that a balance can be achieved between man and nature. The subliminal hint seem to be that the advertised 4-Runner will somehow help one tenor into nature. The stance from the Honda Insight, however, is far from Toyotas. Reaching for the environmentalist, the ad immediately grabs at people who are to some degree conscious of environmental concerns such as pollution. maculation not an environmental movement all by itself the insight does pollute considerably less than normal 4 cylind er and 6 cylinder vehicles. firearm not designed to adhere to hardcore environmentalists, it does appeal to the average person concerned with it. Car promoters also presume that while people today are concerned with the environment, most people wouldnt lift a finger if they had to go out of their way. The average Joe would rather pass a piece of junk on the street than pick it up, because they would inconvenience themselves in the process. The Insight is accordingly partially battery powered, never needs to be plugged in, and is more of a convenience.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Computer Aided Instruction Essay

The way the class was maneuver where depended on the teacher who utilizes it. Hence, whatever the technique and style of the teachers in teaching was always the crucial point. No wonder, more teachers were now trying to innovate the old learning styles and replacing it with new and more fun techniques like the Computer assisted Instruction (CAI). Despite the ultra advances in the field of computer-based education, technology remains simply a tool. Potentially powerful and stimulating, the computer is only an inert object that can never be a substitute for the personal touch of the classroom teacher. Without proper desegregation of computers into the curriculum, the benefits of technology to foster childrens learning cannot be fully achieved, regardless of the productive potential of any softw ar procedured.Responsibilities of the teacher in the computer-enriched classroom begin before the computer is introduced to the students. In providing a rich, challenging, and appropriate l earning environment, teachers must cover an active role in selecting the package that bequeath truly enhance childrens learning and development. (McPherson and Nunes, 2004). Over the past 15 years, the fundamental nature and use of technology has changed. Throughout Canada and the United States (US), computer-assisted information (CAI) has been used over the years to support student learning. In some of these instances the literature is contradictory. However, many research studies do suggest that CAI was used in appropriately and can drive home positive impacts on student learning. CAI seems to be especially effective in the area of literacy.Studies inform significant effects of CAI on reading skills of pre-schoolers, elementary school students, at-risk students, students with Special Needs and English Language Learners (ELL) (Chambers et al., 2008 Stetter & Hughs, 2011). In the Philippines, Liceo de Cagayan University implemented an Interactive Courseware for Preschoolers to develop their companion competent skills. It enhances the traditional way of teachers instructional strategies to encourage the pupils interests in learning with the computer environment that is creative enough to please them. This Interactive Courseware for Preschoolers is a type of computer-based instruction with itstext and animations in a graphical form for the preschoolers to learn interactively with the lessons that are presented with facts and up to(p) to have a recap on what they have just learned by taking the interactive quizzes. This can provide the pupils with a more flexible, creative and entertaining environment for their learning experiences.Daniel M. Perez underlying simple(a) School, Bunawan District, traces its humble beginning from the pi bingleer, Don Daniel M. Perez and natives of the place. Don Daniel M. Perez selflessly donated a portion of his land which is about 2.2 hectares located along the Davao-Agusan Road. The school is located 24 kilometers from D avao urban center proper. Presently, the teacher of Kinder-II is still using Instructional Materials (IMs) and exercising the old fashion in teaching.Though it was a good tactic, teachers handle too many responsibilities for discussing the topics in order for them to deliver efficiently and effectively to make sure the pupils merely understood them on what they want to impart. In their activities the students are also asked to bring their throw materials as their tools in understanding the lessons. The researchers focused in the Kinder II level. The students of Daniel M. Perez Central Elementary School are the present generation and most probably the supporter of the future teaching techniques such as CAI.Based on the interview conducted by the developers, these are the following problems that were identified1. Difficulties in pronouncing the words, familiarizing, matching and identifying numbers, colors, objects and letters. 2. Difficulties in numbering numbers and objects.3. L ack of visual representation in describing the topics relevant in the crush matter.4. Lack of graphic diagram that could aid in identifying the parts of the body.The motivating of the developers to create and develop software is grounded on the solution to the problems specified by the respondents. It provides information to help or encourage students interaction in the classroom reciprocation to be presented in a multimedia format which includes videos, animations and sound effects. The project aims to aid instructors andmodernized its way of teaching such as computers with multimedia pretension to catch the students attention in class.Objectives of the ProjectGeneral ObjectiveThe main objective of the study is to develop an Interactive Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) for radical Proficiency Learning for Pre-School Kinder-ll Level of Daniel M. Perez Central Elementary School.Specific Objectives1. put forward the capability to authen2. ticate authorized user.1.1 Sensitivity o f password as part of the security posture.3. bequeath an effective handling of student record.3.1 Provide verification agree on the data added.4. Provide the ability to manage class.4.1 Allow adding of class lesson by subject.4.2 undefendable to upload still image and video.4.3 Provides confirmation control to restrict unauthorized access and free from human error.5. Provide the capability to administer time-bounded activities.5.1 Allows adding of questions its answers and duration of activities.6. Provide embedded videos in learning rhymes.7. Generate real-time reports.6.1 Obtain selected profile.6.2 Furnish list of students profile.6.3 Obtain performance rating by subject area.Scope and Limitation of the ProjectThe study being proposed is the Interactive CAI of the Kinder-II Level of Daniel M. Perez Central Elementary School which focuses on the development of an Interactive Computer Aided Instruction. On the other hand, this will give some resources to be used by the teacher in giving instruction. The system will be able to provide lessons and activities for the following subject mother tongue, science and mathematics. It also provide realisticillustration that will catch the attention of the students in the form of exalt objects provide a pre-recorded voice in giving instructions, pronouncing words and numbers provide a video representation for nursery rhymes and lessons record the students information, score per performance and generate report such as class list and summary of assessment result.There are two accounts of the system, one for the student and the other one for the teacher. Each student account shall have lessons and activities in the form of multimedia contents, activities that will be given after the end of each lesson. Activity results are being given after the students complete the activity. The teacher is the administrator of the system that has the ability to view contents of the lessons as well as the activities, and can also view the performance rating of every student whos already done with the activities verify and retrieve the students information. Furthermore, the teacher account has the control to view the nursery rhyme. The system will give a summary of assessment result that can be converted into excel files it is also capable of retrieving the performance rating by using animated object such stars that depends on their scores of the students based on their activity per lesson.However, computing the final grades will not be incorporated in the system that the researchers develop.Significance of the ProjectThe Interactive Computer-Aided Instruction for Basic Proficiency Learning for Pre-School Kinder II Level of Daniel M. Perez Central Elementary School will help the administration, students and also the teachers to know more about computer. For the administration, the proposed project of Daniel M. Perez Central Elementary School will help by improving the previous teaching strategy into an Interactiv e Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) for Basic Proficiency Learning. Hence, the project will give them the assurance that the students will be able to develop their knowledge and skills in learning. For the student, the project is also unspoiled to the students to encourage active learning, as well as their participations and interactivity.It can also be a help to the students to gain additional knowledge and improve their self-esteem. Through this project, it is a greatmeans to capture the students attention. For the teacher, the project is also beneficial to the teachers to lessen their effort in teaching especially to those who are involved in system. For the developers, the proposed project enables the developers to share and improve their knowledge and skills in developing software such as the Interactive Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) for Basic Proficiency Learning for Pre-School Kinder- ll Level of Daniel M. Perez Central Elementary School.Operational Definition of TermsCAI. It refers to educational instruction performed almost entirely by computer and uses mother tongue language, which is Visaya, in the process. Graphical Representation. It is a representation given to the students with the corresponding object like images. idiot box Representation. It is a video representation given to the students with the corresponding nursery rhyme. Pre-recorded Voice. It refers to the sound of the correct pronunciation of every letter and number. Student. The students of Daniel M. Perez Central Elementary School who suck the subjects of Mathematics and Science at same time the user of the Computer-Aided Instruction Software. Teacher. The teachers of Daniel M. Perez Central Elementary School who will manipulate and teach the students how to exploit the system. Multimedia. The integration of multiple forms of media, this includes text, graphics, audio, video and many more.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Prose Text Assignment Of Mice and Men Essay

Of Mice and Men is active two basic needs the need for companionship and the need to have something to look forward to.I sustain the above statework forcet, all of the characters in the tale all experience some form of bareness. E rattling one of the characters has a different dream in each(prenominal) one is trying to fulfill it in a different way.The story of Of Mice and Men was set in the limit of American history called the imprint. This period of history lasted from roughly from 1930 to the start of World War 2 (1939).In this period nearly all the companies and banks went bust the stock market crashed and volumes savings disappeared when the banks closed. hoi polloi very(prenominal) suddenly where very poor. Most people where unemployed, and with unemployment came p overty, hunger and homelessness.It was very difficult to buy food or pay the rent. In America during the Depression men travelled in order to find work. Few traveling men could form lasting familiaritys because they had to keep moving on. A man travelling alone was more vulnerable to being attacked imprisoned or just very lonely.Of Mice and Men is a story based on two men who travel America together looking for work. George travels with his men in height(predicate)y handicapped friend called Lennie. The pair of them has nothing of their own, only the c rafthes they stand in and each other. in c oncert they share a dream, that one day they will own some land of their own.They find work in a ranch in Satinas Valley, California. They decorous of few people on the ranch nevertheless find it hard to make new friends. Their dream is soon ruined as Lennie misunderstands the difference mingled with love and cruelty and becomes a victim of his own strength and power.He becomes friends with the only women on the ranch and forms a good friendship with Curleys Wife. Their friendship soon turns to love and they start to develop a physical relationship, Lennie doesnt know his own strength and grabs h old of her to hard and strangles her. Everyone finds out and Lennie is menace with the prospect of being locked up in a mental institution or being executed by the government, so George saves him from this by shooting him.crook works as the sable buck hand on the ranch. He first appears in the story on pages 66-82. He is a crippled old man who gets his name from the way his spines bends (crooked). He has deep eyes and looks intense with his face, which is lean and wrinkled. On the ranch he is of a minority as he is the only black soul on the ranch, which means he suffers a lot of damage remarks from other people.He is a very lonely man, and can a great deal be bitter towards people he doesnt trust. Particularly white people, as hes not sure he can trust them. Crookes has is own room on the ranch, as none of the other men want him to stop in the bunkhouse.The only soulfulness Crookes can talk to is Lennie, although Lennie doesnt understand what he is saying as he is mentally handicapped. Crookes seems to resembling tormenting Lennie and sometimes says some very nasty things to him.Crookes however has more possessions than the other men has he has been on the ranch nearly all his life. He has little money entirely still has managed to gather some things of his own e.g. books and a dictionary. He is a very proud man and doesnt like to ask anyone for anything, evening though he is crippled he still manages to keep his room neatly swept and is quite aloof.Crookes suffers from a lot of loneliness, as he is the only black person on the ranch. However he often has the chance to avoid loneliness but rejects it, Lennie tries to speak to him and befriend him but kinda of trying to make friends he wallows in self-pity.He is very critical of other people an their dreams and hopes. He tells confect he will help him fulfil his dreams, but afterwardswards when he has built his hopes up he tells him he was messing around and wont help him at all. He has probably pass all of his life on the ranch and thinks there is no way for him to leave, so he has given up hope and lost ambition.George along with Lennie is the primary(prenominal) character in the story. He is a short man but is very quick. He is dark of the face and has eyes, which appear very restless. He is set forth as sharp and strong with body parts that are small and strong. His arms are slender and strong and he has a thin osteal nose. George wears the same clothes as his companion Lennie black hats, denim trousers and coat, and carries a blanket over his shoulder.George is rather a unsung hero of the story, he for certain lacks no courage. He has looked after Lennie for a long time, and spares his friend from loneliness. He stops Lennie from being locked up in a mental institution or being executed by the state government. He shoots Lennie but for his own good.Some people whitethorn think he did it for selfish reasons as h has looked after Lennie for a long time and is fed up of him. He did it because he cares rough Lennie and didnt want him to suffer loneliness and depression. He cares near Lennie and saved him from what he knows would be worse than death.George would have probably been able to make a good life for himself if it wasnt for Lennie. George is an intelligent good intellection man, who is very sensible and used to taking charge. He cares a lot about Lennie and is always looking out for him, he is very cautious and warns Lennie about drinking the dirty pond water and tells him to be careful of the bedding at the bunkhouse in case he catches lice.George accepted the burden of looking after Lennie when Lennie Aunt Clara asked him. Without Lennie George would be very lonely, he and Lennie share a big brother-little brother kind of relationship. George has loyally stuck by Lennie throughout everything and having someone to look after and that depends on him makes George feel a better person. Georges longs for independence and would l ove to be his own boss.George is a kind hearted and compassionate person he sometimes gets thwart but doesnt have a bad temper. He is very careful on who he trusts and is very careful when he meets people. He has to be a good judge of character and know who to trust and who not to, because of his and Lennies past.George is kind to everyone but he hates Curley he knows that he is nothing more than a bully. He tells Lennie to keep away from him as they cant afford to loose their jobs. However he encourages Lennie to stand up for himself against him. The only thing in life holding him back is Lennie.Lennie is a big man he has a shapeless face and big pale eyes. He walks slowly but heavily, emphasising how slow his mind is. He has very strong instincts and has bad feeling about staying at the ranch and pleads with George for them to leave.He shows a cunning side and often uses it in getting his own way with George. In the first part of the story Lennie shows us this by using emotional blackmail. George looses his temper so Lennie tells him he is going to live in the woods alone, so George feels sorry for him so he tells him to come back.Lennie has a lot of wight-like qualities, which shows us his strength. He looks up to George like a father or big brother and often copies his ways. As Lennie is mentally handicapped he is unaware of the he is a victim of prejudice remarks and is unable to elate to many people, this often makes his behaviour childlike. Lennie would rather have the company of animals. However is his made to be a likeable character, Candy likes him and even Crookes warms to him.Lennie doesnt understand he needs to be careful with fragile things and is very heavy handed and doesnt learn from his mistakes. He reacts very much like a child and often panics. Lennies major problem is that he doesnt know the consequences of his own strength.Lennie doesnt understand loneliness but if he knew what it meant then he would probably be very lonely but because he is mentally handicapped he has no accord of this feeling. He understands the need to have something important to look forward to. Lennies dream is very important to him he nearly knows it all his self. He his always-getting George to tell it him over and over again like a child who loves to be told a bedtime story.At the end of the story Lennie has two hallucinations, one with his Aunt Clara in and the other with a giant rabbit in. This could be the authors way of outlining the abuse Lennie has suffered through his life. Or it could be Lennie conscience telling him that he has done wrong, even though he doesnt understand how it was wrong.Curleys wife is an important character in the story, but the author is showing ho little the men think of her by giving her no name. She is seen to be nothing more than one of Curleys possessions. When we are first introduced she is dressed up as if she is going out somewhere important when in fact all she is doing is staying on the ranch. She h as large lips which are emphasised by the red limn she wears, she wears lots of make-up, red nail varnish, red shoes, red ostrich feathers and has her hair fastened back in curls.She wears a lot of the colour red, which shows a lot about her. Red is a colour, which is associated with lots of different things, mainly blood that is a clue, her death is near. It is also associated with danger, which is telling you do not get multiform with this person she is bad news. Red is commonly regarded as a sexy colour, she is probably trying to show her self to the men as in the story she is displayed as a Scarlet Women.Often she pretends to be looking for her husband but the men know that she is just looking for an excuse, as she is looking for company, as she is lonely, although the men see it as she is just flirting with them. She is the only woman on the ranch, which is a disadvantage, and often gets little attention from anyone including her husband. Many people may think she has it all a husband and a house, but she is just as lonely if not more than any worker on the ranch.She doesnt think a lot of her husband, which probably means she just married him for the sake of it, the only things they have in common is that their both very selfish. deoxidise is one of the only people to be kind to her, George feels sorry for her but is worried on the effect she has on Lennie.However her and Lennie get on comfortably and start to develop a physical relationship. Lennie who doesnt know how to be careful with fragile things takes things to far and ends up strangling her.Candy is the first person George and Lennie meet when they arrive at the ranch. He is the swamper, which is like a cleaner, the lowliest job on the ranch. His name is even belittles him, its a girls name. He is a tall man who only has one hand.He is a victim also of prejudice remarks because of his age and disability. He is careful of everyone because he doesnt want people to tease him. He never sticks up f or himself, the only time he did was with Curleys wife. He has a lot of dignity, which shows the kind of person he once was.Candy has lots of gossip on everyone, which could be seen as getting is own back on people who has upset him by making comments about people behind their back. He always tells the newcomers the gossip on everyone.He is a lonely person and the only companion he has is an old dog. The animal is old and probably needs to be out down but means a lot to candy as he is so lonely.Candy would love to leave the ranch and when he finds out about George and Lennies plan he wants to help, and offer to give them his savings, which would easily cover the cost of over half the farm. George, Lennie and Candy thought that in only a couple of weeks their dream to leave the ranch and own a farm would come true. in all of the characters in this story are lonely the person I think is the most lonely is George.He has no real friends the only person he has to talk to is Lennie but he doesnt fully understand what he is saying.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Introduction to corporate social responsibility Essay

Corporate societal responsibility is a figure of telephone circuit self-regulation incorporated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and worldwide norms. CSR is a process with the aim to embrace responsibility for the companys feats and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all former(a) members of the public sphere who may also be considered as stakeholders.There are four main parts to CSR fig 1Economic tariff to earn profit for owners Legal Responsibility to comply with the law Ethical Not acting just for profit, but doing what is right, just and fair Voluntary and kindly Promoting human welfare and goodwill Being a good corporate citizen contributing to the community and quality of life There are many stand in definitions of CSR. E xamples of two are firstly An responsibility, beyond that mandatory by the law, for a business to follow long term objectives that are excellent for society.Secondly concerning how a business administer its business to create an overall constructive impact on the general publicSo in a brief social responsibly corporate involves Conducting business in an ethical way and in the interests of the wider community Responding positively to emerging societal priorities and expectations A compliance to take action ahead of regulatory confrontation Balancing shareholder interests against the interests ofthe wider community Being a good citizen in the area

Friday, May 24, 2019

Comments on Student’s Critique

These comments relates to the school-age child critique on the article, Is credit card fraud a Real Crime? Does it really lame the E-commerce sector of E-business? The student views that, the article is missing on presentation aspects which should be part of the article. The student argues that the introduction is very long and agrees with it that it is useful for it elaborate the interior of the story given that it captures issues which ought to be the main discussion.In addition, the English used needs few adjustments and that the structure of the article is poor. The article is said to present facts rather a discussion which the questions imply. Consequently, the student view that the second question has been neglected and that the author should have focused on both questions in the discussion. The conclusion is viewed that it lacks definitive outcomes and the student attributes this to the fact that it contains little discussion.Despite all the mistakes in the article, the s tudent view that the article contains usable facts that could be used in the future works and investigations. In my view, the student appears to be negative towards the presentation of the article. If those aspects could have been addressed, the article would have been much better. The student is right given that this was a discussion article and it should have fit structure and clear English with no errors in it.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Canadian Branch plant economies Essay

Modern industrial organizations in Canada ar synonymous with the first ready frugality phenomenon. In general, the term sort out jell economy refers to a convenient neathand term to describe a regional economy where a openhanded proportion of the employees argon in establishments owned by unassailables whose header office lies outside the region (Watts 1). In Canada, secernate fix economies are subsidiaries of companies based abroad, in the main in the U.S.A branch plant economy is a strategic tool used by transnational corporations to maximize profits, avoid tariff fees and countenance exports. Branch plant economies get down been established in Canada for two essential purposes the first is to compass access to the domestic Canadian market and the second is to gain access to Canadas primary harvest-homes (Laxer 127). Specific every last(predicate)y, this paper will discuss the evolution of the branch plant economy and its negative and positive effectuate on the Ca nadian auto industry and its implications on regional teaching.Branch plant economies exist where investment funds and business strategy decisions are make by an international head office of a company and not by the company itself. These economies spend a penny the traditional hierarchical model of corporate organization with strong centralized co-ordination of somebody plants and subsidiaries.The private capital from international investors, mainly the United Kingdom, has always played an important part in the development of industrial countries, especially Canada. These investments not alone brought money, supplies and equipment to Canada but also mass migration from the investing countries. Canada was and still remains an excellent book of facts of primary products for many migrants and their home countries. Canada served as a primary product producing country connected to an external assureler, originally the United Kingdom, but now mainly the United States. This condition has remained unchanged to this day. This philosophy has also remained imbedded in Canadian business attitudes and Canadas macrostinting sector since Confederation and is unlikely to change.After the break off of the Second World War al near fifty five per centum of themanufacturing in Canada was being done by foreign owned branch plants (http//www. Canadainternationalbureauofstatistics/dominion/quart/dev/icj.html October 23, 2001). A majority of these were American owned. The phenomenon known as the branch plant economy was now evolving in Canada. As the American economy expanded in the 1950s and 1960s so too did the branch plants in Canada.In 1965 George Grant, a writer, wrote a book called Lament for a Nation in which he supposed that Canadas potential for greatness had sadly passed (http//www.Johnaboutcanada.com November 1, 2001.). Canada had switched gears to a branch plant economy all for a small piece of the American dream. This overwhelmingdesire of Canadians to acquire a piece of the American dream became the nates of certain jokes in the global economic community. Apparently, if a country has the potential to be overrun with foreign corporations, they call it the Canadian disease.As the 1970s began Canada was deindustrializing. In the 1970s research on externally controlled branch plant economies stated that they lacked managerial authority and were functionally truncated (http//www.Canadainternationalbureauofst atistics/dominion/quart/dev/icj.html October 23, 2001). Branch plant economies concentrated on production activities while more important actions much(prenominal) as research and development were expanded and conducted elsewhere within the parent firm.The answer was that these branch plant economies were more likely to be deficient in high competent occupations and technologically dependent thereby lacking innovative and entrepreneurial activity. Branch plants were also associated with lack of linkages with local companies and their vul nerability to closure during times of economic uncertainty. Canadian economists believe a high concentration of branch plant economies would be detrimental to the long-term development of the regional economy. As the 1970s came to a close Canada reached an all time low with only nineteen percentage of Canadians being employed in the manufacturing sector(http//www.Canadainternationalbureauofstatistics/dominion/quart/dev/icj.html October 23, 2001).Currently, Canada is economically heavily dependent on larger economic countries for research and development and modern technologies. Canada also has always been dependent on the extraction of its primary products for export to other countries. As far foul as 1963 as much as sixty percent of the manufacturing industry was owned by firms whose head office lay outside the region or in foreign countries (www.Statisticscanada/local/stateprov/ont.html. October 5, 2001).The Canadian auto industry is a model case study of a branch plant economy . The auto industrys rich history dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century where a bright young entrepreneur named Sam McLaughlin who initially was an apprentice in his fathers carriage shop went into the automobile manufacturing business with his brother and father. By l9l8, with increasing competition in the North American automobile industry, McLaughlin decided to sell his firm to the recently nonionized General Motors Company, owned by Durrant and associates. Thus, McLaughlins company became a Canadian subsidiary of General Motors, with McLaughlin as president and as vice-president of the American company. During this process, the Oshawa plant gained the tone of being the center of General Motors production in Canada.Prior to the depression of the 1930s Canada was manufacturing hundreds of thousands of cars per year. Canada was a tool in the American subscribe which would introduce Canadian built American cars not only to Canada but also the whole British Commonwe alth. For a brief period this actually worked easily propelling the Canadian autoindustry to international recognition. Unfortunately the ugly head of the great depression surfaced and the era of prosperity ceased. It was not till the end of the Second World War that the Canadian auto industry had become a branch plant economy with major American auto makers producing fomites in Canada for the Canadian domestic market (Laxer 130).Many countries established productive auto industries after the Second World War unfortunately Canada was manufacturing too many images of cars for its comparatively small markets to become productive. The problem was endemic to branch plant industry. It was known as the miniature replica effect. Every multinational company from every type of industry established its own production operation in Canada to avoid Canadas tariff laws (Laxer 130,131).Canada treasured desperately to rectify this situation so Diefenbaker enjoin that a Royal Commission be cond ucted to determine Canadas options and to change its current state. Diefenbaker appointed economist Vincent Bladen to conduct an inquiry into the Canadian auto industry. Bladen made recommendations which influenced many developments one of which led up to the Canadian-US auto pact.The auto Pact was established in 1965 to facilitate free trade in cars and split for the American owned auto manufacturers which were at that time known as the Big Four GM, Ford, Chrysler and American Motors. The Auto Pact agreement was that these four U.S. corporations would make undertake new investments in Canada and would maintainassembly operations in Canada in at least the same ratio to Canadian sales as in 1964. In return, the Canadian organisation removed all duties on cars and parts imported by these companies.Under the terms of the Canada-United States Automotive Products Agreement of 1965, qualified beat back vehicle manufacturers are able to import both vehicles and original equipment auto motive parts duty-free from any Most Favoured Nation country, provided the following performance requirements, are met The value of vehicles produced in Canada must meet or exceed a specified proportion of the manufacturers annual sales in Canada. In other words, if manufacturers want to sell imported cars duty-free in Canada they must also build cars in Canada.Assemblers must maintain, on an annual basis, a token(a) dollar amount of Canadian value added in assembly activity of atleast that reached in 1964. Canadian value added in Canadian vehicle assembly includes direct and indirect labour, depreciation on Canadian-made machinery, eligible overhead and other expenses that can be reasonably al fixed to the cost of producing the vehicles, and the Canadian value added in Canadian made parts and materials used in assembly. Inflation has rendered this requirement insignificant (http//strategis.ic.gc.ca/SSG/am00540e.html).During the 1970s, three events dramatically changed the world au tomotive industry and in special(a) the North American industry the oil embargo of 1973 and 1974, the Iranian oil crisis of 1979, and the emergence of Japan as one of the worlds largestproducers of motor vehicles. Nixon wanted to offset this and secure the American auto industry and therefore implemented the Domestic International Sales Corporations. This was a low tax entity through and through which American products would be exported abroad. The plan provided a tax break for American domestic industry to increase its exports. Its purpose was to keep American jobs in America (Laxer 135).Since Canada had the most concentration of branch plants, which were American owned, this severely affected Canada. The Ontario government study of the auto pact agreement concurred that three problems existed affecting the auto industry as follows the inability for the auto industry to enhance productivity, the consistent loss of Canadas overall market distribution of the auto assembly activity a nd the overwhelming intensification of the parts trade deficit. The Domestic International Sales Corporation plan implemented by Richard Nixon encouraged companies to locate in the United States and provided them with lucrative incentives.Since the inception of the Auto Pact, Canada and the United States have created a single North American market for vehicles. The Auto Pact allowed for the rationalization of the North American market for vehicle production. Since subscribe the Auto Pact, the Canadian automotive industry has enjoyed unprecedented growth production whereautomotive manufacturing employment has increase 200% and automotive shipments grew from $2.2 million in 1964 to $70.7 billion in 1995. Canadian economists and theCanadian autoworkers union view the Auto pact agreement as a savior from the small Canadian market and credibly the only feasible way of offsetting the huge trade deficit.Others believe the benefits of the Auto Pact have all gone to U.S. imperialism. The s ubjugation of the Canadian economy to U.S. imperialism increased as a result of the pact and trade deficits increased. Canada also surrendered any possible initiative to try and create its very own all Canadian car which would have been made and sold exclusively in Canada.Branch plant economies have always had a negative connotation. Any debates always abide concerns about the potentially negative consequences for regional development because of a high degree of external control by multinational firms. It is precisely this concentration of control activities either overseas or in one region that influences a regions economic performance. This influence on regional growth is manifested through various means. One is employment, specifically the job mix and job stability in a region and the second is technological change.Most branch plant economies are small inefficient firms that are incapable of promoting overall local development. Branch plant economies act more like an export plat form which just exist to extract valuable raw materials for export. They have littleeffect on the local economy in terms of encouraging self-reliant economic growth. Branch plant economies often use capital-intensive low labour technology which does notgenerate many new jobs for the local economy.Multinational corporations with branch plants in Canada tend to take their profits from the subsidiary andsend it back to the corporate headquarters in their home country rather than reinvesting it in the local Canadian economy by additional hiring of personnel or by contribution to the infrastructure. Since they are in the same business or a derivative of such as their parent company it is easier for them to maintain their competitive edge without having to liberally invest in research as their indigenous counterparts. Simply put these multinational companies take more money out of the Canada than they put in.The managerial autonomy in branch plants is minimal with dependent positions. Hi gher functions such as research, development and marketing are centralized within a group. The importance of the branch plant economy within a parent group is marginal or even non-existent and the quality of employment is mainly low skilled jobs, including part time and temporary positions. The link of the branch plant to the host economy is throttle and the former is always vulnerable to closure, downsizing or restructuring.The worst negative effect of branch plant economies are that they have created close ties with local government and banks to gain superior access to local finance. These ties allow multinational corporations to acquire the majority of investment capital whichdeters the rise of indigenous entrepreneurship. Branch plant economies have been directly accountable for Canadas astronomical trade deficit because American branch plants havebeen sucking the economic lifeblood from Canada for generations. Virtually any profits or technologies generated by Canadian workers ultimately are sent back to the United States.Presently multinational corporations are under increased pressure to lower be because of the increased import competition from low wage countries, additional opportunities to invest in low wage countries and increasing technological change. While branch plants have played an historical role in Canada, there is a sense that these plants are more susceptible to the changes in foreign trade, foreign direct investment and technological change.Liberal economists or realists admit there are certainly some negative effects of the branch plant economy, yet they strongly believe that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. They believe that foreign ownership and direct investment can be seen as instruments for development in that branch plant economies bring in productive new technological advances that provide an economic boost for Canada.Branch plants have traditionally played a large role in rude economies and rural economic development strategies as they have provided good stable jobs with relatively high wages and full benefits. In fact, large, multinational corporations generally control to rural areas for low wageworkers and favorable business climates.The productivity difference amongst branch plants and single-unit home owned plants has increased by 57 percent between 1967 and 1992 (Watts 54). On average, branch plants in southern Ontario pay higher wages and are more productive than single-unit plants. This relationship holds nationally as well. The trend in wages is somewhat different. There is a large increase in the wage premiums of branch plant economies in 1982, but then it declines over the 1982 to 1992 period. Moreover, by controlling the industry and location type, we can conclude that branch plants are concentrated in more productive, higher paying industries and tend to be located in urbanized areas of the region.Other positive data relating to the branch plant economy comes from recent informati on which states that the classic symptoms of the branch plant syndrome could be sticking(p) by organizational changes within large corporations (http//www.Entrepreneurstrategist/figure/nnt/odb.html October 11, 2001). Specifically, recent decentralization of managerial authority and functional responsibilities within some large corporations has led to improvements in the quality of branch plants. Consequently, branch plant economies have changed substantially over the past two decades and the negative connotation which is associated with the branch plant may no longer be an accurate representation.A recent study shows that foreign-owned subsidiaries spend a greater proportion of revenues on research and development than their homegrown competitors. Furthermore, a United Nations study dispels the myth that Canada is one of the foremost branch-plant economies. Canada actually ranked ninth among developed nations in 1997 (http//www.Unitednationsstatistics/worlddl/cig/eco/org. October 5 , 2001). There are however optimistic views that Canada, because of its inventiveness, skilled workforce, economic efficiencies and political stability, plays above its weight as a competitive economy and cannot therefore be dismissed as purely a branch plant economy. In general branch plants continue to contribute significantly better employment opportunities.The following are just a few judge opinions on the branch plant phenomena from the worlds leading business investment specialists Foreign direct investment is not just a source of capital it creates jobs and helps us acquire leading-edge technology (http//www.Entrepreneurstrategist/figure/nnt/odb.html October 11, 2001). Transnational corporations strengthen our economy, they help to create an exciting and innovative business environment for foreign investors to construe (http//www.Entrepreneurstrategist/figure/nnt/odb.html October 11, 2001). Twenty years ago, many foreign governments saw foreign corporations as part of the d evelopmentproblem. Today they see them as part of the ascendent (http//www.Unitednationsstatistics/worlddl/cig/eco/org. October 5, 2001.).Canada has had and will continue to have a huge deficit in manufactured goods unless dramatic changes are implemented. One third of the finished products consumed by Canadians are manufactured somewhere either than Canada (Laxer 115). Year after year Canada has always finished with a deficit in this sector. Without the surplus of our primary product exports, physical body and paper, lumber and oil our ability as Canadians to maintain a high standard of living would ultimately vanish (http//emerald.atkinson.yorku.ca/lspace35/2001y/pols3580/schedule.nsf).If Canada wants to foster technological literacy and enjoy the economic, mixer and intellectual well being in the long term it is imperative to institute an aggressive research and development program of its own. It may initially come across trade deficits, a declining share of total world expor ts, fewer job creations, and a decreasing industrial and technological capability, however these are just short term problems. If the country chooses to remain idle it will see an outflow of talent it cannot afford to lose.Control of end products brings with it control of the chain innovation for all the machinery and partsand components that go into the end product (Laxer 128). The net effect is that Canada would not control its own economic destiny because of invisible inflows or imports of new technologies. Canada would be at the mercy of decisions taken in the corporate interest of multinational enterprises rather than in the interest of the region or the national interest of the country.Finally, I do not believe the previous and current auto trade arrangement Canada has with the United States is not undermining Canadian regional development because we have gained considerably in the economic sector with the Auto pact of 1965, the free trade agreement and the North American Free Trade agreement. The auto industry is already 95 percent owned by the American companies and these agreements have not encouraged increased American content because the United States would have had a firm hold on the North American auto industry regardless if any of the above agreements were signed. These agreements helped Canada salvage some economic growth and prosperity. In the future, Canada should be extremely cautious when negotiating any free trade auto trading agreements given that the auto pact of 1965 is an excellent example of the potential disastrous effects of these agreements in an environment saturated with branch plant economies.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Modern Technology in Daily Life

Can you imagine a world without technology? Well, back then they had no access to any type of electronic. As time went by, electronics has changed over time and influenced others, especially social life. Now technology such as video games and cellular devices has affected us both positively and negatively. Sometimes when you get bored or take a break you start to play your smartphones. You check Instagram, texting your friends, or start to play games. But then you realize you spend more time on your phone than doing what you were suppose to do before. Phones apprize be a negative and positive influence in your life.A positive effect of cell phones is that they have revolutionized communication and made it easier to contact someone exactly at the act that we need. Also, phones offer features that have many other benefits. A negative effect on phones is that you get off track and when you try to concentrate again, you cannot focus or even remember what you were doing. In addition, th e lack of communication with your family and friends increases. You tend to talk to them through text instead of talking to each other. Smartphones can be a tool of convenience, but at the same time they can be a distraction.The internet is so popular nowadays that about everyone uses it. It can be accessed by users Now that we have access to internet in almost everywhere, it can be an advantage and a disadvantage. What are they? The internet on community is that it provides the ability to access unlimited information and it also allows you connect and interact with your friends general. Consequently, internet can include the difficulty to remove information when you want to and it can be an absence of communication as well just like using phones. Many people have been downloading music and other copyrighted materials for free.This course to a negative impact of music industries and several lawsuits. The internet is another factor that influence social life today. Whether good or bad, television has been in our lives for a long time. Some think its a harm to our society and some think its a great invention. Television provides a variety of information that includes the news, advertisements, and events. It can also provide lots of entertainment such as music, comedy, drama, shows, and movies straight to home. It is very convenient and an affordable technology to use. On the other hand, television may have violent action films that increases crime rate andviolent acts in people. Some can be addicted into reflexion TV and decrease the amount of exercise causing people to be obese. Television is another aspect in our society that affects us greatly.Technology and electronics have been ever-changing a lot through the past several centuries and have a great connection in the society today. Some can be disadvantages and advantages to us. faultfinding technology such as television, cellular devices and the internet changed through small ideas and change the world . In conclusion, whether if it is good or bad, technology had changed the people and the society worldwide extremely.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

How Procter and Gamble Moved to Electronic Documents

The Business hassle P&G faced problems managing the vast amounts of report required for a company that develops drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) medications. regulatory issues, research and development (R&D), and potential litigation buckle under even more paper documents and files. As a result, P&G wanted to gain control of its company documents, reduce administrative oversight of its paper documents, reduce costs, accelerate R&D initiatives, and improve tracking and signature compliance. P&G resolved to adopt an electronic document management system.When P&G moved to electronic documents, it had to ensure that it could manifest digital signatures and build signing and storage processes into its daily workflow. Further, P&Gs legal section wanted to ensure that it had a legally enforceable signature on file. The IT Solution P&G turned to IT integrator Cardinal Solutions (www. cardinalsolutions. com) to implement Adobe LiveCycle Reader Extensions and Adobe LiveCycle PDF Generato r (www. adobe. com), which would function with P&Gs eLab Notebook program.These software packages would manage, review, approve, and sign the huge volume of R&D information, including files created with Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. P&G adopted the pharmaceutical industrys Signatures and Authentication for Everyone (SAFE) BioPharma Association standard. This standard was established to assist companies go paperless and still interact with regulatory authorities on a global scale. P&Gs initiative focused on implementing methods to manage digital signatures and creating a method to confirm the individualism of the signer.The companys IT and legal departments agreed that the standard met the companys business needs and guess requirements. Instead of recording information from experiments in paper notebooks along with numbering each page, signing it and having a witness sign it researchers can now use word processing programs, spreadsheets, presentation software, and simil ar tools to generate project notes and other necessary documentation. After a researcher has collected all the data, LiveCycle PDG Generator creates a PDF document and prompts the person creating the file to add a digital signature.The system requires the use of a USB type for authentication. At that point, LiveCycle Reader Extensions embeds usage rights within the document. The Result Today, once a digital signature is added to a file, an auditor can immediately view the document and all activity related to the document. The auditor right-clicks on the signature and views the entire audit trail. The signature can also be appended as a exit page of the file so that it can be shared externally when necessary, such as in a court of law.The system saves P&G time and money. Researchers no longer have to give-up the ghost several hours per week archiving paper files from their experiments. In addition, P&G is able to quickly retrieve grownup volumes of data that may be needed for gov ernment regulators or business partners. P&G projects that it provide achieve tens of millions of dollars in productivity gains by using the system. The typical employee will save approximately 30 minutes of signing and archiving time per week..

Monday, May 20, 2019

Econometrics Project

Personal utilization Expenditures, Personal Income, and CPI 1980 2011 April 24, 2010 reverse The goal of this paper is to estimate the relationship between individualized usage and personal income among all Ameri crowd outs over the past 30 years. The data includes annual records for the four variables between the years 1980 and 2011. I be stomach analyze this data using the Ordinary Least Squargons Method and ran a regression analysis in rule to observe the relationship between my variables.In my feign, I have used Real Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) as my independent variable, piece of music the dependent variable is Real expendable Personal Income Per-Capita. As well, I include two explanatory variables in my set which ar the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and a Coincident Index. The stumper finds a positive relationship between personal manipulation expenditures and personal income. It also shows that largeness is positively related to the independent variabl e of personal employment.However the model demonstrates that there is an insignifi go offt relationship between personal consumption and the Coincident Index. We can purpose that personal income has an effect on personal consumption and that there is a positive correlation between these two variables. Therefore, in general, we can assume according to this model that as personal income increases, personal consumption also increases. 1. Introduction Our economy is an ever-changing system that is impact by an infinite number of factors. Some of these factors include personal consumption, personal income, and inflation.I have chosen to olfactory sensation at how these factors may influence one and only(a) a nonher within the American economy. More specifically, I have chosen to research the influence of income, inflation, and the Coincidence Index on Americans consumption expenditures. I believe that individuals consumption expenditures may vary based on two main factors A change in these individuals income and a change in inflation. Many believe that as income increases, people leave have more and leave alone therefore spend more money and blow more.Some research suggests that larger household wealth is associated with higher(prenominal) personal consumption (Slacalek, 2009). In terms of inflation, some theories suggest that as prices rise and rates of inflation create uncertainty for the future, people ordain lower their consumption expenditures (Springer, 1977). However, since prices are higher, the total Personal Consumption Expenditures may still increase along with inflation. 2. Theory and Hypothesis In March, 2011, personal income increased by 0. 5 percent, while personal consumption expenditures for Americans increased by 0. 6 percent (Cohen, 2011).Based on this information, it can be concluded that the percentage increases for these variables increased nearly proportionately. I believe that this is not just a coincidence and that these variable s actually share a relationship. Although this data is only for one month of one year, I hypothesize that this relationship would stay true if these statistics were to be taken over a period of some(prenominal) years. I believe that as Real Disposable Personal Income Per-Capita increases and individuals make more money, that people will spend more and consume more, meaning that PCE would increase.Since people would be making more money I expect that since they are more capable of spending money that they will indeed spend and consume more. I also theorize that CPI will have an effect on personal consumption. CPI, which is an meter reading of inflation, is an increase in prices in an economy relative to the money available in that economy. Since inflation promoter that you must pay more for the same goods, I hypothesize that as inflation increases, and prices rise, people will spend less, and therefore PCE will decrease. I also theorized that as the Coincident Index increases, PCE would also increase.This is because I believe that if the Coincident Index, which describes current economic conditions, goes up, then people will consume more while economic conditions are better. 3. Empirical Model and Data Using a multiple regression model, I estimated the relationship among my time-series data in order to learn more about my hypotheses. C = ? 0 + ? 1 *RDPI + ? 2*CPI + ? 3*CI C = -3. 540 + 3. 339(RDPI) +6. 888(CPI) +2. 315(CI) + ei Where C= Personal Consumption Expenditures RDPI= Real Disposable Income Per-Capita CPI= Consumer Price Index ( fanfare) CI= Coincident IndexUsing Tinn-R, I came up with the following results. The Coefficients for this model are as follows Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(t) (Intercept) -3. 540e+03 3. 383e+02 -10. 466 3. 49e-11 *** RDPI 3. 339e-01 3. 903e-02 8. 555 2. 68e-09 *** CPI 6. 888e+00 3. 061e+00 2. 250 0. 0325 * CI 2. 315e+00 4. 713e+00 0. 491 0. 6271 As can be observed through these results, the t-values for both(prenominal) R DPI and CPI are greater than 1. 96. Therefore, both of these variables are statistically significant and consequently have an effect on Personal Consumption Expenditures.However, the t-value for the coincident index finger is not statistically significant, which means that we cannot conclude that it affects consumption. It can be assumed through this regression model that as personal income increases by 1 unit, consumption increases by 3. 339 units. As well, as PCE increases by one unit it can be assumed that PCE will increase by 6. 888 units. Therefore, I can conclude that my hypotheses regarding the relationship between consumption and income and consumption and inflation are accurate according to me regression model. However, these results may vary if other factors were to be considered in my model.As well, the results may be slightly off due to including the undistinguished factor, the coincidence index. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, I have found the majority of my hypotheses t o be true. I have found that both Personal Income and Inflation have an effect on Personal Consumption Expenditures and that both income and inflation have a positive relationship with consumption. However, based on my model, the Coincident Index does not share a relationship with PCE. I believe that this hypothesis of mine may be awry(p) because the economic conditions of an conomy may not play a significant enough role on individuals consumption expenditures in order for this model to show that a relationship exists. Further research would need to be conducted in order for me to examine this relationship more closely. For example, other factors such as personal frugality may influence personal consumption as well. In order to gather more clear and accurate results in the future, I would conduct more models, using more economic variables related to consumption in order to see what other potential factors may influence Personal Consumption Expenditures.References * Amadeo, Kimber ly. How Inflation Affects Your Life The Impact of Inflation on Prices and Treasury Bonds. US Economy and Business US sparing Indicators US Economic News. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Apr. 2012.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Pest Analysis of Sainsburys in a 3rd World Country

Introduction of the Company Sainsburys is the third largest chain of super markets in the get together Kingdom. It was founded in 1869 and has been exploitation all everyplace the United Kingdom ever since, and today operates over 1000 super markets and doojigger stores and employees over 150,000 employees and captures more than 16% of the market sh ar. It is as well listed on the London Stock Exchange and is the fate of the FTSE 100 index.Sainsburys not only pull up stakess intersection points to its customers but overly services to some extent. The products and services offered by Sainsburys reserve a wide enjoin from nourishment and drinks to energy providing, clothing to insurance, appliances to banking facilities. Sainsburys has been a growing entity at a growing rate. Though TESCO has overtaken Sainsburys to become the market leader and has throw a fited not only in United Kingdom but also outside the United Kingdom such as Europe, Asia and North America.Since TES CO has invariably been a strong competitor of Sainsburys so Sainsburys also has this intention to expand outside United Kingdom, too. It is necessary for a firm or company to carry out a PEST psychoanalysis both(prenominal) as a new entrant or to exist and survive in the market to preclude its self updated with the deviate of the macro surroundal factors. Introduction of PEST Analysis PEST analysis stands for political, economic, brotherly and technological analysis. PEST Analysis chargees on analysing the macro-environment in which a business or a firm operates.Each of these factors play a vital role in the overall business environment and one should consider these factors and have vital knowledge of them as they can either make you a success story or may end up shutting down the business. Political factors attend to the economic policy given by the government and the government intervention the economy. This includes aras such as appraise policy, labour, law, tarrif a nd trade restrictions. Political stability is also quite primary(prenominal) for the economic growth. While, governments have great influence on health, education and infrastructure of the nation.Interest rate, economic growth, monetary and fiscal policy, inflation and the exchange rates argon the important economic factors. These factors play a vital role in a firms business strategy and decision making. Every agricultural has its own culture and the nation has a strong impact on their living. The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country. heartyfactors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, language, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes.Trends in social factors discover the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. For example, the roles of men and women in the society. Furthermore, companies may change various concern strategies to adapt to these social trends Technologicalfactors have vital place in PEST analysis. Some markets are labour intensive and some are corking intensive. Technological factors determinebarriers to entry, minimum efficient end product level and influenceoutsourcingdecisions.It is one of the major drivers of globalization and is the base for competitive advantage. Innovation is offered to the customers or consumers through technology for example internet banking, smart phones etc. It also enables the firm to declare a product cheaply and to a better quality in standard. Pakistan is the sixth near populated country in the world with over 180 million volume. It is estimated that the 25% of the population belongs to the middle income class. It is also estimated that 55% of the Pakistani population is in the 10-40 years age bracket.The upper middle-income class is estimated at 17 million with comparatively high up per capita income which favours more consumer spending. The average Pakistani consumer spends 42% of his income on food related products. The upcoming changes in demographic allow for create opportunities and challenges for businesses in Pakistan. Pakistans food retail field is unorganised and exceedingly dominated by independent small stores. Over the past few years, some large European food retailers have opened stores in all major Pakistani metropolitan cities like Makro, subway system and Carrefour (Hyper star).Pakistani families are attracted towards these stores receivable to their strategic location, multiple product range and imported processed food. Studies also show that thither has been a solid pouch to organized format of obtain from traditional format, in urban areas. This provides a challenging and profitable opportunity to other food retailers to enter the market. Sainsburys provides convenient shopping under one roof, has wide range of products, consumer friendly environment, large storage and discounted prices.These factors give Sainsburys an advantage over other food retaile rs currently present in Pakistan. If Sainsburys decides to enter in food retail sector then it has to perform a PEST analysis. PEST Analysis of Sainsburys in Pakistan Political Factors The political factors vagabond around the current government in a country. Currently, in Pakistan, the ruling party is Pakistan Peoples Party which was democratically elected in 2008. Though it is backed by western powers but solace is considered to be a weak government.The basic questions arise such as how stable is the political or is there any government intervention in the economic policy making or laws and statute protecting the businesses. Unfortunately, due to weak governments in the past, the security and corruption has been the key issues Pakistan has been facing over the the croak decade. Which certainly is not a good sign for any contradictory investors. However, giants in food-retail sectors like tubing and Carrefour ( hyper star) have set an example with an increasing growth in pr ofit and expansion even in such circumstances.Sainsburys may enter in the Pakistani market with its variety of products which are addressable under one roof, as the increasing trend in urban areas shows, there will be high demand for it. Political factors may also include the goods and services which the governments want to provide or be provided. Sainsburys collects much of its revenue by selling its wide range of wines and spirits. Pakistani law prohibits the sale or consumption of any type of wines and spirits within its geographic boundaries, Sainsburys will not be allowed to sell it in their stores which may negatively affect their sales.Government of Pakistan ensures that there is foreign investment in Pakistan and it has signed a few trade agreements too. It also provides foreign investors the incentives to invest here. fond(p) ownership by the Pakistan government usually serves as an insurance policy for the share holders and the investors. Economic Factors super volatile oil prices are the root cause of global financial crisis in Pakistan which has also turn the energy crisis. These two factors improver the cost of production.High inflation is a key resultant of it As Sainsburys produce much of its products in stores so they may go beyond their feasible region in producing a product. Interest rates are at their peak, economic growth is quite slow and this is due to the low level of lending and purchasing power of the consumer is weak. Though it is a labour intensive country and labour supply is quite high and also available at low cost than most other countries but unemployment is rising regardless of the above mentioned fact. The gap between rich and poor continues to expand and the percentage of poor is increasing everyday.However relatively quite cheaper labour may do a significant impact in Sainsburys production. It will also bring employment opportunities for young and skilled labour. Heavy loans from financial institutions like IMF and wor ld bank has made the government in debt upto neck and there are no significant changes in sight. However financial aid packages in the name of war on alarm and from the friends of Pakistan has kept the economy from collapsing. Pakistan has integrated with global economy and has brought positive impact on economy with increase in GDP.Despite of the worse conditions, Investing in such a country where cheap labour is available and more than half of the countrys population lies in the labour force, targeting middle-income class-keeping the fact in genius that government provides support to private investors would not be a bad decision. Social Factors The culture and trust are very close to each other in Pakistan. As mentioned above this will affect the sales of wines and spirits of Sainsburys as it is not only verboten by the dominant religion and prohibited by law but the targeted class does not accept it too.Health and Education are the two important sectors for any developing na tions and Pakistan lack both of them and government of Pakistan fails to allocate the required budget in both the sectors. However, people like to shop and come with families to the big retail stores. There has been a significant shift from traditional to organized format. The studies show that 11% of the population tend to buy long life food related products in advance for a month. Sainsburys provides a healthy and safe environment to work with,which for a change would attract the people to work and shop here.In comparison to the past, women have also started to contribute in the labor force. Language will be a barrier for the citizens of Pakistan as english is not the start-off language in Pakistan. Buying imported products is considered a status symbol in Pakistan so there is a high demand for foreign products in Pakistan and is appreciated in the local market. According to studies people spend 42% of their income on food related products. So there will be high demand for a food related products provided by Sainsburys. Technological Factors Technological expertise is overflowed in Pakistan as the labour supply and demand for IT professionals is high. There has been an improvement in the industrial sector but salvage the countrys imports are higher than exports. Since it is a labour intensive area and not capital intensive so use of technology higher the cost of production but shift to focus more on labour may help Sainsburys to produce its products relatively cheaper. There is also a trend of buying products online seen. Sainsburys already provides the service of buying its products online which saves much time so the typical 9-5 workforce can also be targeted.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Lindsay lohan

Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen had planned to choke their 18th birthday on June 13 side by side. But when the much-hyped day arrived, Ashley was left to remark with come to the fore her twin sister, first poolside at the Beverly Hills Hotel and then with a Jaunt to Mexico with two pals. One week later(prenominal) the reason for Mary-Skates absence became clear The star, recently the focus of speculation regarding her Increasingly frail-looking body, had been admitted to an undisclosed facility for discourse related to an eating disorder. This is a gainsay that Mary-Kate has made a decision to face, says her rep Michael Poignant. This is a challenge she will meet. The admission struck a sad and troubled note for Mary-Kate, who a grand with Ashley has turned their double as positive, clean-scrubbed role models into a crease empire that grossed more than $1 billion in gross sales last year. Yet to friends, family and even casual onlookers, the subject of Mary-Skates health has been a source of concern In recent months. Although the petite twins (Mary-Kate is 52 Ashley Is 51 have always been slender, Mary-Kate appeared to be painfully thin of late.So widespread was the bubble about her weight that the actress herself poked fun at It when the twins hosted the May 15 Saturday Night Live vie paparazzi photographers, they shouted, Mary-Kate, youre so skinny?eat a sandwich Sadly, beneath the playfulness was a health crisis. on that point was an intervention, says some ane who has known the Olsen for several years, adding that the twins father, Dave, and Mary-Skates therapist committed her to a treatment facility soon subsequently her June 7 high school graduation. They finally reached the point where they had to act. They didnt want to find her dead on the al-Qaeda from not eating. Those close to the star say that there was no single Incident that triggered the decision to set about professional treatment rather, Mary-Skates problems had steadily worsened wi th time. One source says that the change In Mary-Kate, who dates Boston University scholar David Guttenberg, 21 (his dad Is Trademarks studio expounder Jeffrey Guttenberg), first became evident two years ago. She looked different, says the source. She developed circles under her eyes. scaffolding the intervention before Mary-Kate turned 18 meant that her parents still had a legal right o search treatment for her.It isnt the first time her family has tried to aid Mary-Kate, whom close pals call MS. According to one source, afterwards the actress got into a minor car accident about a year and a half ago her father tried motivating her to eat by telling her she couldnt get her black Range rover back until she gained some weight. Another source says the family hired someone to monitor Mary-Skates eating. Sometimes she was taken out of school to eat, says a former classmate at Campbell Hall high school. During the last year she had an bountiful eating with her most of the time.Eve ryone knew how skinny she was. disorder, says director Dennis Gordon, who helped the twins spring comedy current York Minute. l had a bulk of meals with her, and it didnt seem there was anything wrong. Adds Dir. Drew Pinky, the TV psychologist turned actor who played the twins father in New York Minute She was the sweetest of the two. But I didnt note anything. She hid it well. Such deception is typical behavior among eating-disorder sufferers, many of whom go to elaborate lengths to disguise their problems. Everyone was very angry with Mary-Kate at first, says a source.Shes lied so much and for so long. Its part of the illness. In fact, both Mary-Kate and Ashley flatly denied such problems in an interview with PEOPLE in April. cosmos in the public eye, youre labeled that you have an eating disorder, Ashley said at the time. You have a dose addiction, said Mary- Kate. We dont have problems declared Ashley. The fraternal twins?MS has long been known as the free-spirited one Ashley as the sophisticated one?have also put on a united bowel movement dealing with other recent challenges, including the dismal $13. 7 million box office for New York Minute. We ere in reality disappointed, says Gordon. They were incredibly mature about it. They said, Okay, I guess we cant open a movie Just yet. conterminous Showbiz vets since making their debut on Full House at Just 9 months old, the girls have long been praised for their business savvy and solid grounding. But others have wondered if the stress placed on their slender shoulders would last take a toll, as it has on other young Hollywood stars (see sidebar). The pressures of the entertainment and fashion business are pressures that Mary-Kate and Ashley both have always thrived on, says a friend.That said, theres no doubt that the pressure of being successful, raceway a business and planning for college?thats a lot. Still, adds the friend, l dont think you can draw a unbent line between the pressure in nobodys life to this sort of illness. Says Carolyn Costing, the director of the Eating Disorder totality of California and the Monte Indo Treatment Center in Malibu We look at it like theres a gun, a bullet and the trigger The gun is biological predisposition, the culture is the bullet and something like the stress of being a celebrity is what pulls the trigger.Not helping matters is the ever-present skinny sweepstakes among young women, many of whom worship stars like Mary-Kate as a source of administration, Shortly after Mary-Skates appearance at a May premiere, Web surfers on a bulletin board at guru. Com posted messages like, Im convinced shes Ana a slang term for anorexic Another online follower took notice of Mary-Skates red string bracelet, which some teens and young adults wear as a signal of their Ana pride and to propel themselves not to eat. (Her reps response l dont believe thats true of Mary-Kate. )

Friday, May 17, 2019

Industry Analysis: Airline Companies Essay

The rail line pass successions industry contains diverse types of players that compete in distinctive niches distri besidesively with different crease models. Airline companies owned by the State characterized the air duct disdains industry into the 1980s. Because of privatization, this model no long-life exists in europium or in the U.S., but it is still present in Asia and Africa. Standard airline companies offer scheduled flights with flight connections, at least two classes on maturate, and other serve much(prenominal) as in-flight entertainment, frequent account schedule airdrome lounge, food, etc. The majority of their taxations atomic estimate 18 earned by dint of slate sales. Low- woo airline companies offer scheduled flights with only one class on board and without additional redevelopment on board akin in-flight entertainment, frequent flyer programs, airdrome lounges, etc. Their job model is different from the tired federation because they go t hrough a different form of income through the tatter woo. Ryanair and EasyJet f any into this category.Regional airline companies offer scheduled flights, usually with small woodworking planes and for diddle distances they previously worked on behalf of other big airline companies (standard, major, government-owned) round of which owned a regional company to earmark presently route flights. Examples argon US Airways Express owned by US Airways and Air Dolomiti owned by Lufthansa. Cargo airline companies offer freight transport. Some cargo airlines are divisions or subsidiaries of larger rider airlines like Air France Cargo or Alitalia Cargo, but there are also independent companies like DHL and FedEx. Industry competitors are also k forthwithn to prepare alliances. Reasons for airline companies to build alliances scale economies, access to food markets or engineering science, market function, and pitiful gearer direct approach. Many alliances start as a code-share -out lucre whose benefits are cost reductions from sharing of sales offices, investments and purchases in order to negotiate extra volume discounts, operational staff (ground intervention personnel and check-in and boarding desks), and operation facilities (catering or computer systems).We sack up find drivers for different types of alliances and divorce them into three categories deregulation of the industry, changes in customer preferences, and changes in technology and infra organize. Deregulation has opened up the market and led to intensifying competition and consequently a battle to secure market straw man and change magnitude costs. Changes in customer preferences comprise such moversas overall internationalization of businesses, the diminishing role of airline nationality in customers choices and the preference by customers for high flight frequencies, and seamless connections to nearly any point in the globe. Technological and infrastructural changes include the in troduction of medium size long-range aircrafts and the development of sales and distribution technology (i.e. the Internet and many airports in many areas). The strength of buying power that firms face from their customers, and so the sharing of the value created by the transactions, depends on two factors buyers expenditure sensitivity and their relative negociate power.The airline industry shows two germs of potential price sensitivity. First, the importance of flight cost as a pro great deal of fundamental cost of travel this is exemplified in leisure travel where price typically represents twenty-five percent of total travel costs. The exact percentage varies depending on the length and type of travel, and increases in the non-liberalized markets. Secondly, the low or non-existent differentiation perceived by the customers increases the willingness of the buyer to switch airlines on the basis of price. Deregulation has increase price competition and has exposed buyers price sensitivity. A study by Gillen, Morrison and Stewart found substantial use up elasticity. It completed that business travelers are usually less price-sensitive (less elastic) than leisure travelers, and that elasticity on short-haul routes are largely higher than on long-haul routes, a result explained by the presence of potential fill out for the first.The bargaining power of buyers relative to that of the seller is imagineably by the size and concentration of buyers relative to producers as well as the buyers switching costs. The airline industry has achieved 598 billion of r up to nowue in 2011, carrying 2.75 billion passengers. These figures clearly show that a large number of buyers acquire very small individual purchases compared to industry revenue, thus losing a champion traveler has a low impact on the total revenue. Although we can say that this first factor is favor up to(p) for the airlines, in the airline industry switching costs are relatively low, because of the minimal try costs to find alternative providers, and learning costs, linked to the specific knowledge indispensable to use a product, as well as the total absence of emotional cost, and psychological and social risk. Airline companies establish successfully tried to increase them through frequent flyer programs, whichcreate rewards to the customer for their loyalty. Finally we can state that the relative bargaining power of buyers is medium, because of the opposite effects of the two described factors.However, when considering the high price sensitivity and the relative scotch power of buyers their share of the created value is relatively high. Prices and profits within an industry depend on buyers propensity to substitute its products with existing alternatives found on their prices and performance. Air passage does non collapse any perfect substitutes for intercontinental flights, however, short-haul routes, induce potential substitutes car, bus, and train. Cars are higher in convenience, allowing the traveler to reach the place nearest the final destination, but are control by potential vocation and other complications. Moreover the trend of rising gas prices in recent decades has dramatically curbd the feasibleness of driving. Busing is a similar substitute to driving, but is less convenient though frequently less expensive. We consider trains to soon act as the main substitute to air transportation.The development of high-speed rails, chiefly in Europe and Asia, allows for a huge ebb in the transportation time by train. Considering that trains are much cheaper than flights and allow travelers to reach a destination nearest their final one, they represent a formidable substitute for air transportation. We observed the existence of high supplier power in the airlines industry. These suppliers predominantly consist of airplane providers, airports, beat back unions, and fire providers. These suppliers increase competition in the airline industry as well as decrease the profit potential for airlines by raising prices, decreasing product quality, and by making products incomparable. Boeing (US) and Airbus (EU) largely dominate the global airline supply industry. The reduction in product availability resulting from long waitlists, including Boeings three years waiting period for the 777 jet, and design/production delays cause complications for airlines attempting to update or go ballistic their pass offs. The new airplanes are designed to increase fuel-efficiency therefore, delays to upgrade may result in higher fuel costs and airlines that do non plan accordingly may also spend more than(prenominal) on maintenance and repair costs.Airlines technological competitive value may largely depend upon being at the top of the waiting list. Boeing and Airbus have the advantage of scarce product availability and expensive prices which gives them high supplier power.Airlines must pay airport-landing fees. Each airport ha s different rates for landing fees that are based a measurement of aircraft size that is also unique per airport. In 2007 IAD perpetrationd $2.13 per 1,000 pounds of maximum landing weight. This price is on the subvert end of a spectrum that can peak around $4.59 charged by DFW the same year. proud traffic airports will charge greater airport-landing fees knowing that airlines will pay them in order to have access to those customers. Although the airports supplier power is not as high as the airplane providers, they still have a high supplier power because they are able charge higher prices. In addition, the majority of airline industry labor is unionized, which contributes to high supplier power in the industry. This means that in the final result of disagreements surrounded by airlines and their employees there is an organized system for the employees to unite under.Unions include, Association of Flight Attendants, the Air Line Pi circularizes Association, theme Association o f Air Traffic Controllers, and the Transport Workers Union. Collective bargaining by these unions raises the cost of labor for airlines making it more difficult to compete on a low cost strategy. Rising fuel costs are also a constant struggle for airlines to harbour. Fuel costs are estimated to be or so thirty percent of operating cost for each airline. Some companies combat this by hedging costs, but even with these measures airlines have very little control over fuel prices. The ability of fuel providers to decrease the profit potential for airlines and increase fuel costs gives them high supplier power. The capital investment required to start an airline industry alone is a huge barrier to entry. Some of the required fair play includes many fixed assets that lead to low profit margins and perhaps the lowest return on loveliness among competing airlines.The industry is also characterized by a large contribution margin variable costs are particularly low compared to fixed. Vari able costs are landing fees, paid by the carriers according to the number of passengers, and catering and selling fees, paid mainly to online sellers and travel agencies. Staff, fuel, airplane maintenance and leasing, and amortization and depreciation make up ones mind fixed costs. Given the high contribution margin, volatility in the volume of passengers seriously impact companies operating profit losing a customer means a large loss for the company. Government regulation limited competition with rules about prices and routes, but deregulation drove theindustry towards ticket price competition. Because of this the traditional business model became unsustainable for almost allone already present in the business. The deregulation of the airline industry has also stipulation rise to the competitive determine surroundings, which enables airlines to freely set prices in order to compete.Airlines have created complex pricing models that essentially improve their service to customer s. With the combination of affordable ticket prices and increased availability of travel options, the total customer base has increased significantly. Moreover this difficult situation is compounded because of the low switching cost and lack of brand loyalty. Depending on geographical location and competition, the airports and airplanes comprise such a significant portion of the cost that it is very repugn for any airline to make a profit. Large airlines are able to offset these costs with economies of scale. Airlines must invest in R&D, technology, and management in order to provide services to customers at some profit. Large airlines have also established a global presence that makes it extremely difficult for small, local startup airlines to gain some degree of advantage.A hub of concentrated alliances in vital geographical locations also make it difficult for new airlines to compete. Such alliances provide a network among allies that enable them to efficiently capitalize on the ir marketing and advert strategies. Large marketing and advertising elbow greases are spent in the rely of capturing a large share of the market, and frequent flyer programs are created in an effort to secure this market share. Nevertheless, the regulatory hurdles within the airports are extremely challenging for new entrants. There are a number of federal requirements that airlines must obtain within an airport to include the use of airfields, terminal facilities, limitations on capacity, specifically take-offs and landings, to resolve the issue of air traffic congestion.In addition, the bargaining power of suppliers makes it difficult for new airlines to enter. Today, the two major airline suppliers, Airbus and Boeing, have already established exclusive agreements with firms within their value chain that make it very difficult for new entrants to enter the industry. The sorry of the airline industry is one of the aspects that make it very unattractive. In the firm analysis we wish to guidance and understand how a traditional flagship company and a new low cost carrier has confront this strategic repugn in an unattractive industry.RyanairThe Ryan family with little capital and a staff of twenty-five population founded Ryanair in 1985. In 1986 Ryanair obtained permission from the regulatory authorities to challenge the British Airways and Aer Lingus, flagship of Ireland, a high sleep together duopoly on the Dublin-London route. In 1991, after an uncertain start and loss accounts, Michael OLeary got the task of restructuring the company by adopting the economic model low fares / no frills, which was used successfully by Southwest Airlines. In 1995, Ryanair overtook Aer Lingus and British Airways to die the largest passenger airline on the Dublin-London route (the biggest international scheduled route in Europe) proving that Ryanairs low fares, high frequency formula continues to win acceptance in every market between Ireland and the UK. The European Un ion finally completed the Open Skies deregulation of the scheduled airline business thereby enabling airlines to compete freely throughout Europe. In January 2000, Ryanair launches Europes largest involvement website www.ryanair.com and becomes the only source of low airfares in Europe.Ryanair spotted opportunities in the market arising from the inefficient traditional business model choose by the flagship companies issues such as inflexible labor roles, high staff numbers and salaries, and extravagant airport fees could work adequately only within the previous regulatory constraints. In this environment Ryanair has been able to build a cost competitive advantage that offers air transportation services that are more rich to its customers than similar offers for a simple reason, price. The airline, in its effort to achieve becoming the lowest cost European airline, has implemented a double faced strategy it has completely changed its core and complementary services shuffle and i t strives to reduce costs in any executable way, thus dramatically reducing its the core service, air transportation, price, and created new sources of revenue.Ryanair has a different kind of revenue in respect to the other airline carriers. For standard airline companies revenue is made by ticket prices, but not for Ryanair. The goal of the firm is to invoke the number of passengers through cost reduction, which allows the company to offer low-ticket prices. Ryanair targets price sensitive consumers, such as immature people or occasional travelers that usually use substitute products like trains and cars. The company offers tickets for a price that does not allowthem to cover all operative costs, but their cost structure is built so they get other revenue from additional services. Ryanair charges their customers for the accessory services they offer the only service that is include in the ticket price is the flight. There is no food service during the flight, there are no assign ed seats on the plane, customers must pay for checked baggage, and they pay an extra fee for booking with a credit card. These service charges account for the thirty percent of the companys total revenue.On average they charge every passenger 10.8 when the normal price of a one-way ticket is 50. With this business model the company does not need to hire as many employees because some the services are provided by the customers, one example is the check in line that is mandatory if you do not want to pay 50 for every boarding card. This has brought the company to an important cost advantage maculation with respect to competitors, and their cost structure allows them to win every price war battle. Under the guidance of OLeary, Ryanair has always sought to reduce its costs, sometimes maniacally. The first element of this effort is their fleet. The companys fleet history can be split into two epochs. In the beginning, Ryanair followed the behavior a lot of small low-cost companies and b ought whatever best met its needs in terms of price, passenger volumes, and financing abilities, this resulted in a fleet with many different types of aircrafts with many different capacities and requirements.This attitude changed in 2002 when Ryanair ordered a hundred of Boeing 737-800, its first move in creating a standardized fleet. Currently the airline has a fleet of 305 Boeing 727-800s with a unique design characterized by having the maximum density possible and the lowest average age among competitors. All these features allow for lower maintenance costs, training costs, fuel consumptions, and cheaper parts and equipment supplies. Regarding aircraft usage, Ryanair has some particular features, mainly focused on reducing turnaround time and fuel consumption, such as choosing to land at secondary, less congested, airports, avoiding large hubs, relying on point to point routes thus maximizing aircraft ready time, and imposing unforgiving fuel consumptions limits on its pilots to avoid repetitive refueling. Ryanairs human resource policy clearly shows its effort to cut costs.Personnel, both cabin crew and pilots, has a dominant variable component on salary, this is based on hours flown, the same or increased duties relative to other airlineemployees, training, uniform costs at the employees own expense, and no trade union representation. Despite the inevitable high turnover ratio and disgruntled employees, these policies allow the company to have a very flexible and relatively cheap labor force. other important cost advantage is in flying to secondary airports this policy allows the company to dramatically reduce its fees cost. Frequently Ryanair is the only one that carries in these airports, therefore their and all the linked business subsistence revolves around the company having a large bargaining power and some government subsides. Ryanair changed the environment of the industry.Before air transportation was perceived like an elite way of travellin g, in fact high prices of the tickets pushed people to use substitutes for the short haul routes, such as car and train. Ryanairs prices changed the people mind, allowing airplanes to be used more a good deal for short vacation on weekends or even daily. Its main competitor is EasyJet, which uses a lighter low cost business model, focusing on different kind of customers such as business travelers, although with lower margins. The two main differences are its use of primary airports, giving more convenience to the customers, and its unionized labor force. Our analysis regarding to the potential recommendation for Ryanair has started from the consideration that its business model has been successful in facing the challenge and we have identified three possible directions. First, Ryanair could enter into the intercontinental market with new routes between Europe and the U.S.This market is characterized by high ticket prices (a minimum of 500 round trip). Although the company could uti lize some of its sources of cost advantage, such as intercontinental point-to-point routes, personnel policy, revenue from supplementary services, its cost advantage is not completely replicable in this context. Indeed it would have to buy new long distance carriers with more capacity. Sacrificing their fleet standardization and intercontinental flights requires high turnover time for refueling, and the possibilities of using secondary airports are limited by legal issues concerning the necessity of opening new borders. Another potential recommendation is to enter the Chinese house servant market which is a fast growing market (forecasting states that it will represent the 23% of the population all-inclusive egress in passenger number in 2010-2020) and the second largest air travel market in the world behind USA.However, there are somecurrent constrains, mainly that airport systems are still in development, with a total number planned to increase from 175 to 270 in 2010-2020, and a relatively limit middle class, only 10% of the country population although strongly growing. According to the present market environment we believe that this might be the best alternative in 5 to 10 years. We believe that currently the best recommendation is maintain its focus on Europe, increase its market share in countries mainly served by Easyjet, such as Turkey and East Europe. We recommend that Ryanair enter the intercontinental market, characterized by big-ticket(prenominal) prices, with new routes between Europe and the U.S. Ryanair could benefit by utilizing some of its sources of cost advantage. Ryanair could use secondary airports in the U.S. and through its intercontinental, point-to-point, routes focusing on the main tourist and business cities. Its personnel policy could also be applied in this market by offering low core service prices they could increase their revenue with supplementary services. Ryanair could develop an alliance with Southwester Airlines using th e same airport and split their transatlantic flights, thus increasing the passenger volume for both companies in their core business continental flights. LufthansaSince its inception in 1953, the Lufthansa German Airline has been regarded as a premier airline company that has become the largest airliner in Europe. They have diversified both locally within Europe and globally. Their key strategic efforts have led them to be the founders of the worlds largest airline alliance, Star Alliance. They have diversified into various business segments to include passenger airline groups, logistics, MRO, catering and IT services. With this combination of efficient business segments, the airline group has been able to generate more than 30.1 billion euros, the highest revenues compared to other European airlines. Lufthansas main strategy is to increase the equity/value of the company, maintain and also improve their exceptional reputation on customer satisfaction, be very robust during economic fluctuations, and maintain profitability. In an industry involving high operational costs where competitors are increasing moving towards cost advantage strategies Lufthansa aims to meet their strategic goals through a differentiation advantage that emphasizes customer service, alliances, and its reputation as a premium full-service airline.An important resource for Lufthansa is its extensive fleet. Lufthansa Passenger Airlines has a fleet that currently consists of more than four hundred aircrafts they also enjoy a first-mover advantage by being the launch customers or early adopters of many different aircrafts. These include acting as a launch customer for Boeing 747-8I in 2006 and being the second to operate the Airbus A380 in 2010. By consistently participating in fleet replenishment Lufthansa is able to regularly update to more cost-efficient and more environmentally friendly aircrafts. In July of 2011 a Lufthansa Airbus A321 was used in a six-month bio fuel trial expected to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 1,500 tons in the trial period. Lufthansas extensive and modern fleet enable the airline to have extensive global reach, cutting edge aircraft technology to increase efficiency, and environmentally conscious technology to condition a new environmental industry standard. This attention to fleet quality ensures that customers have an excellent flying experience that is not hampered by old and inefficient planes. Passengers are also able to enjoy the distinctions accompany with first, business, and economy class.First class seats convert into a bed and seats in all classes feature personal Audio-Video-On-Demand screens. In addition, attentive staff on all flights generously offers a wide range of complimentary food and beverage. Many terminals include lounges for First Class flyers Frankfurt Airport even features a First Class Terminal that sports a full-service restaurant, bar, cigar lounge, relaxation rooms, offices, and even bath facilities. 55,236 e mployees as of 2012 are trained to deliver the highest quality customer service. Lufthansa operates as an upscale airline and is therefore able to charge premium pricing to absorb the costs of providing such exceptional customer service. Despite the higher ticket prices the services and ease of use for customers are incomparable to other airlines and often leads first time passengers to become loyal users. Lufthansa services eighteen domestic destinations and one hundred and ninety seven international ones. Its global reach is one of Lufthansas key resources it allows the company to provide greater and improved service to customers.These resources are greatly supplemented by the abilities of the other activities of the Lufthansa line Group and by their participation in the Star Alliance. The Lufthansa Aviation Group is a parent company made up of the passenger airline business, logistics, maintenance, repair, andoverhaul, catering, and IT services. The ability of these babe compan ies greatly supplement the resources of the passenger airline business. The Star Alliance is another key resource that now operates with twenty-eight partners and services four hundred and ten worldwide destinations. The alliance captures twenty-eight percent of the global market measured by revenue passenger kilometers. Because the frequent flyer program Miles & More is transportable among all members it aids to broaden the scope of Lufthansas reach. The alliance makes up the worlds largest airline alliance and is the worlds first multilateral airlines alliance. The abilities of Lufthansas other alliances would not be possible without OAG, who describe themselves as, the most powerful schedule connections analysis tool for modeling flight connections between every airline flight, anywhere.OAGs services provide them with current, detailed, and accurate data that enables Lufthansa to drive efficiency and optimize its business processes. The changes Lufthansa makes from this data ana lysis increase customer satisfaction while reducing costs and increasing revenue. It helps admonisher competitor activity, identifies codeshare opportunities, and manages partner schedule synchronization. Due to the timeliness of this data the firm has the capability to quickly fight back to market changes and counter-attack other competitors advantages. Excellent customer service is ensured through the critical connection of this data that enables Lufthansa to ceaselessly improve the customer completion and baggage processing metrics. Lufthansas fleet renewal, customer service, terminals, and alliances are scarce resources that are difficult to imitate. The fleet, terminals, and alliance are difficult to imitate because of the sheer size and scale of these resources, whereas its service is costly and would be difficult to incorporate into any firm that does not have the cost structure and capital resources to support it.As the majority of airlines already compete by cost advanta ge, we feel that Lufthansa would be disadvantaged if they attempted to replicate that strategy. Therefore, we recommend that Lufthansa expand its premium customer service differentiation advantage by partnering with hotels that also provide excellent customer service in areas near its terminals. As Lufthansas fliers already value their premium customer service this compact would ensure that passengers luxury experience would not end upon reaching their destination. The range ofhotels to partner with will correspond with flight class and frequent flyer status. First Class passengers will have the option to stay in top tier hotels and miserliness Classes will have the option to book with upscale hotels that are more price sensitive. The Miles & More program will be expanded so that fliers earn credits by staying with these luxury partner hotels.The hope is that the fliers will have such a wonderful experience with the complementary services that they will stock their delight to cur rent hotel customers. As the hotel customers already value premium customer service it is our hope that in the future they will be inclined to book with Lufthansa as they offer such service. The success of this alliance has the potential to result in a revenue sharing agreement, in which Lufthansa will receive a percentage when passengers book with a partner hotel through Lufthansa. Their risk will also be reduced, as they are engaging in a partnership instead of attempting to enter this foreign industry alone. Although this partnership would be Lufthansas first non-aviation venture we believe that they will benefit by offering such a complementary service. The goal of this partnership is to connect customers that value upscale customer service with Lufthansa, who enjoys a reputation as an upscale full-service airline, to increase their market share market share that their cost advantage competitors sorely need.